WTO/FTA咨询网

王辉耀

全球化智库（CCG）理事长

国务院原参事

WANG Huiyao

Founder and President of Center for Chinaand Globalization (CCG);

Former Counselor to China State Council

问：刚刚结束的COP28大会达成了一项重要国际共识，即逐渐摆脱煤炭、石油和天然气这些传统能源，但与此同时，经过减排技术的化石能源仍然将是未来能源格局中的重要组成部分。如何通过国际谈判和合作建立起激励机制让发达国家愿意做，同时帮助相对不发达国家能够有足够的资源顺利完成转型？

答：建立激励机制以促使发达国家采取行动并支持相对不发达国家完成能源转型是至关重要的。建议如下：

发达国家应通过提供气候融资和技术转移来支持相对不发达国家进行能源转型。这包括提供资金支持、技术援助、知识共享等。

建立全球碳市场和碳定价机制，以激励发达国家减排并支持相对不发达国家进行清洁能源发展。

通过国际组织如国际能源署加强各国合作，提出国际合作项目和倡议，采取多项举措为清洁能源转型提供更多方案。鼓励发达国家与相对不发达国家共同开展清洁能源项目、生态保护计划等。

最后应建立透明度和问责机制，确保资金的有效使用和项目的可追溯性以确保发达国家提供的支持得到有效利用，并为不发达国家提供必要的资源。

问：联合国贸发会议预测，由于地缘政治紧张局势的加剧和贸易模式的转变，预计全球贸易额将同比下降5%，。如何重新让那个贸易作为全球经济增长的引擎？WTO的机构改革应该如何适应这种新变化？

答：重新让贸易成为全球经济增长的引擎需要综合考虑多个方面的因素，并采取相应的政策和措施。首先我们应坚持贸易多边主义，积极参与并推动国际贸易谈判，达成更多的贸易自由化协议，减少贸易壁垒和非关税壁垒。

具体做法上，可以推动数字化贸易和新兴产业，鼓励和支持数字化贸易和新兴产业的发展，例如电子商务、人工智能、生物技术等；加强基础设施建设和互联互通，特别是在发展中国家和地区，以提升贸易的效率和便利性；以及将贸易政策与可持续发展目标相结合，促进绿色贸易、环保产业和可再生能源的发展。

世贸组织是全球化的重要推动力之一。现在，世贸组织面临许多挑战。其中，最大的挑战是上诉机构在某种程度上基本处于瘫痪状态；此外，即使我们在渔业和其他自由贸易领域达成了一些立法成就，但很难再达成新的共识。我认为归根结底，人们必须回到现实中来，世贸组织在过去70多年里极大地改变了世界，我们仍然需要共同努力。

WTO应加强规则执行和纠纷解决机制，确保成员国遵守贸易规则，维护公平竞争环境；加强发展中国家在WTO决策中的参与和发言权，确保它们的利益得到充分保障，推动贸易的包容性增长。另外还应增强WTO的透明度和决策效率，加强成员间的沟通和协调，加快决策进程，更好地应对贸易变化和挑战。

Q: A significant consensus was reached at COP28. There should be a gradual transitioning away from traditional fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, but fossil fuels that are subjected to emission reduction technologies will remain a key component of the future energy landscape. How can we construct incentives that will encourage developed countries to abide by this consensus and ensure that less developed countries have the resources they need to complete their transition through international negotiation and cooperation?

A: Establishing incentive mechanisms to encourage developed countries to take action and support relatively less developed countries in completing the energy transition is crucial. Here are some recommendations:

Climate financing and technology transfer: Developed countries can support relatively less developed countries in their energy transition by providing climate financing and technology transfers. This includes providing financial support, technical assistance, and knowledge sharing.

Carbon markets and carbon pricing mechanisms: A global carbon market and carbon pricing mechanisms may be established to incentivize developed countries to reduce emissions and support relatively less developed countries in developing clean energy.

International cooperation projects and initiatives: Cooperation among countries may be strengthened through international organizations such as the International Energy Agency, and multiple measures to provide more solutions for clean energy transition may be adopted. Developed countries should be encouraged to jointly carry out clean energy projects and ecological conservation plans with relatively less developed countries.

Establishing transparency and accountability mechanisms to ensure effective use of funds and the traceability of projects: This can in turn ensure that the support provided by developed countries is effectively utilized, and that necessary resources are provided to relatively less developed countries.

Q: The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development forecast global trade to decline by 5% on the back of escalating geopolitical tensions and changes in the modes of trade. How can trade regain its role as an engine of global economic growth? How should the WTO’s institutional reform accommodate these new changes?

A: To re-establish trade as the engine of global economic growth requires taking into consideration multiple factors and implementing corresponding policies and measures.

We must continue to promote trade multilateralism, actively participate in and promote international trade negotiations, reach more trade liberalization agreements, and reduce trade barriers and non-tariff barriers.

Specifically, we can:

Encourage and support the development of digital trade and emerging industries such as e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology.

Strengthen infrastructure construction and connectivity, especially in developing countries and regions, to enhance trade efficiency and convenience.

Promote the integration of trade policies and sustainable development goals, as well as the development of green trade, environmental conservation industries, and renewable energy.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is on of the key drivers of globalization. Currently, the WTO faces many challenges. In particular, the Appellate Body is basically paralyzed to a certain extent. Despite having achieved some legislative success in areas such as fishery and other free trade areas, achieving consensus in new areas will be difficult. Ultimately, I believe people must return to reality. The WTO has changed the world significantly over the past 70 years. It’s imperative that we continue to work together.

The WTO should strengthen its rule enforcement and dispute settlement mechanisms to ensure that member countries comply with trade rules and maintain an environment of fair competition.

The participation and voice of developing countries in WTO decision-making should be enhanced to ensure that their interests are fully protected, and inclusive trade growth is promoted.

Elsewhere, it is necessary to improve the transparency and decision-making efficiency of the WTO, strengthen communication and coordination among its members, accelerate decision-making processes, and respond better to address trade changes and challenges.