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Trade Policy Review of the United States
-------Advance Written Questions from China
(9 & 11 June, 2008)
美国贸易政策审议——中国问题单
（2008年6月9-11日）

Summary Observations

（1） Economic Environment
经济环境

1. What is the United State’s view on the profound impact of the sub-prime crisis on its economy in the medium and long run? Please explain what actions have been taken so far to address such impact and evaluate their effectiveness? Affected by such factors as the sub-prime crisis, oil and food price hike, a large number of countries are facing the pressure of economy slowdown and mounting inflation in 2008. How does the U.S. plan to overcome the dual challenge of getting its economy onto normal track of growth and curbing inflation?
美国如何看待次贷危机的深远影响？目前已采取了哪些措施？受次贷、石油和粮价上涨及其他原因影响，许多国家在2008年中都面临着经济增长放缓与通货膨胀上升的压力。美国将如何应对重振经济和抑制通胀的双重挑战？

（2） Trade and Investment Policy Framework
贸易和投资政策框架

2. (Page vii, paragraphs 5) The Secretariat Report notes that the U.S. has not fully implemented the WTO rulings and revised its domestic legislations relating to intellectual property rights and anti-dumping measures.
秘书处报告第vii页第5段提及，美国尚未按照WTO裁决修改其国内知识产权和反倾销方面的有关立法。

Please explain the reason. Does the U.S. have any plan and timetable to implement relevant WTO DSB rulings to ensure the credibility of the DSB and the multilateral trading system as a whole?
请说明尚未完成的原因。美国是否有实施WTO DSB相关规定的计划或时间表，以保证DSB和多边贸易体制的可信性？

（3） Market Access for Goods
货物市场准入

3. (Page viii, paragraphs 14) The Secretariat Report notes that the Byrd Amendment was repealed in 2007, but AD and CVD duties assessed before October 2007 continued to be distributed to U.S. producers.
秘书处报告第viii页14段提到《伯尔德修正案》在2007年被废止，但是对美国企业的补贴仍然延续到2007年10月。

WTO DSB ruled that the Byrd Amendment violated related provisions of GATT1994, the Anti-dumping Agreement and the SCM Agreement, and requested the U.S. to change the legislation in conformity with its WTO obligations before 27 December 2003. However, the U.S. failed to implement the ruling. The Byrd Amendment was finally repealed at the end of 2007. From the entry in force of the Byrd Amendment to end 2007, total disbursements of the duties collected were estimated at approximately US$ 1.9 billion, according to the Secretariat Report. Among those received the subsidies, the iron&steel producers benefited most and largest.
WTO 争端解决机构认定《伯尔德修正案》违反了1994年《关税与贸易总协定》、《反倾销协定》和《补贴和反补贴措施协定》的相关规定，要求其在2003年12月27日前使其法律与美国承担的WTO义务相一致。但美国政府未能如期履行其法律义务，《伯尔德修正案》最终在2007年底被废止。据秘书处报告，从生效到废止的2007年底，政府偿付的总额大约19亿元。在收到补贴的企业中，一钢铁生产商获益最多和最大。

a. Please explain why the U.S. hasn’t fulfilled it obligation as requested by the ruling of the DSB to stop distributing AD and CVD duties to its domestic producers?
请解释为什么美国没能履行争端解决机构的规定所要求的关于停止向国内生产商提供反倾销和反补贴税义务？

b. Could U.S. confirm whether it has stopped, at this moment, distributing AD and CVD duties to its domestic producers who supported the petition for investigation? If not, please explain why.
美国政府目前是否已经正式停止了全部对提出贸易救济申请的国内生产商的补贴？如否，请说明原因.

c. Please provide specific information including statistics regarding which industries have been receiving such AD and CVD duties through these measures and how much were distributed to each industry and each major producer within that industry?
请提供美国国内各相关行业得到补贴的具体数额.

d. Could U.S. explain whether such distribution of AD and CVD duties is in conformity with the SCM Agreement, particularly whether such distribution constitutes subsidies as defined by this Agreement? Could the U.S. explain the reasoning if it does not regard it as subsidies defined by the SCM Agreement?
请解释这种反倾销和反补贴税的分配是否与SCM的协议相一致？尤其是这种分配是否构成协议中所定义的补贴？如果不是，请解释原因。


（5） Other Measures Affecting Trade
其他影响贸易的措施

4. The U.S. has been prohibiting the U.S. citizens, permanent residents, companies or non-U.S. entities held by U.S. citizens or companies to import products that are originated or partially originated from Cuba through its domestic laws and regulations. It is reported that the Office of Foreign Assets Control has initiated an investigation on the imports of stainless steel products from China which contains Cuban nickel. For the imports of above-mentioned products, the U.S. authorities are entitled to impose criminal and civil penalties. Criminal penalties include a fine up to 250,000 USD or a 20-year imprisonment and civil penalties include a fine calculated on the basis of 250,000 USD or twice the transaction value, whichever is higher.
美国长期以来通过国内法禁止美国公民、获得永久居住权人士、公司或由美国公民、公司控制的非美国实体进口部分或全部原产于古巴的产品。据相关媒体报道，美国外国资产控制办公室（Office of Foreign Assets Control）已经对中国使用古巴镍生产不锈钢产品并向美国出口一事进行调查。对于违反规定进口上述产品，美国相关机关可给以刑事和民事处罚：刑事处罚包括可处以最高25万美元罚款或20年监禁；民事处罚包括处以每次违反25万美元与交易额两倍计算中较高的一方来计算罚款。

a. Please confirm whether the above-mentioned information, especially about the criminal and civil penalties, is correct or not. If not, please provide the correct one.
请美国澄清以上信息，尤其是关于刑事和民事处罚的信息是否正确？如果不正确，请提供正确信息。

b. Please explain whether the above-mentioned laws and regulations of the US, which obviously jeopardize the normal trade between the U.S. and other WTO Members, are consistent with U.S. obligations under the WTO? If yes, please explain the reasoning related to the WTO Agreements and specific Articles.
请解释美国明显危害正常贸易的上述法律和法规，是否与WTO框架下的义务相一致？如果是，请据WTO协议的和具体条款解释理由。

c. How would the U.S. government address the above-mentioned issue between China and U.S.?
美国如何解决中美之间的上述问题？

I． Recent Economic Development 目前经济发展
（1） Overview 综述

5. (part I，paragraph 3) The Secretariat Report notes that openness allows U.S. producers and consumers to access goods, services, and capital from abroad at the best conditions.
秘书处报告第1页第3段提到，“开放使美国生产者和消费者能够以最好的条件获得外部商品、服务和资本”。

a. Does U.S. have any assessment regarding the benefits of domestic producers and consumers from such openness? Would it be possible for the U.S. to share such information with Members, if any?
请问美国是否有关于国内生产者和消费者获益方面的评估。美国可否与成员分享这些信息？

b. In order to promote sustainable economic growth, and to maintain an open trade and investment regime, what will the U.S. government intend to do or what are the measures to be taken by the U.S. government to enhance the competitiveness of the domestic industries?
为促进经济可持续增长，保持开放的贸易和投资体制，美国政府打算或正在采取哪些政策措施提高国内产业竞争力？


（2） Output and Employment 产出和就业

6. (page 4，paragraph 10) The Secretariat Report notes that labor productivity continued to expand, however the pace of increase is less than unit labor costs in 2007.
秘书处报告第4页第10段，“2007年美国劳动生产率增长小于单位劳动成本的上升”。
Please list the industries with highest growth of labor productivity, and explain why.
请问哪些行业劳动生产率增长最快，为什么？

(3) Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies 货币和汇率政策

7. (page 5，paragraph 15) The Secretariat Report notes that the dollar continued to depreciate in nominal and real terms during the review period as it has since 2002.
秘书处报告第5页第15段提到，“在审议期内，美元名义和实际汇率都出现贬值”。

a. Please elaborate the rational for such depreciation and its impact on the U.S. economy, particularly on import and export.
a. 请说明美元贬值的深层次原因、美元贬值对美经济，尤其进口和出口的影响。

b. Various analyses indicates that there is a causal link between dollar depreciation and oil and food price hike, and this might trigger global wide inflation. What is the U.S. view on such analysis?
b. 有分析认为，美元贬值与石油、粮食等商品价格上涨有关，并有可能引发全球性的通货膨胀。请问美国如何评价这一观点。

8. The Federal Reserve has made a successive rate cuts, and the base lending rate has been lowered to 2%. The exchange rate of USD has kept falling, with an exchange rate to Euro decreased 10% in 2007. The depreciation is getting even faster in early 2008, e.g. by 8.3% at the end of March from year end of 2007, among which, a 6.4% drop to Euro and 9.5% drop to Japanese Yen. Various analyses believe that the depreciation of USD has brought significant negative impact on other economies, particularly the developing ones.
美联储不断降息，迄今基本贷款利率已降至2%，而美元汇率持续下跌，2007年美元对欧元下跌幅度超过10%，2008年贬值速度不减，到3月底综合加权比上年末再跌8.3%，其中对欧元跌6.4%，对日元跌9.5%。美元的贬值给发展中国家带来极大的负面影响。

a. What’s the U.S. view on the above-mentioned analyses about the impact of the dollar depreciation on other economies, particularly the developing ones?
a.美国如何看待上述关于美元贬值对其他经济，尤其是发展中国家经济的影响的评论?

b. Does U.S. deem it necessary to continue such a monetary policy related to the dollar depreciation? If so, how much is the room for further rate cuts?
b. 请问。美国是否认为需要继续美元贬值的货币政策？如果是，降息的空间还有多大？

c. How does the U.S. evaluate the impact of such depreciation on its long-held status in the international currency system, particularly in the international reserve asset and settlement currency? What kind of dollar policy is the U.S. government intends to maintain in the future and please explain its considerations in this regard. c. 美国如何看待近期美元大幅贬值对美元在国际货币体系、国际储备资产、结算货币中的长期地位的影响？美国政府未来将倾向于维持何种美元政策，出于哪些考虑？


(4) Fiscal Policy 财政政策

9. U.S. Treasury Secretary John Snow said at the annual meeting of IMF/WB on February 10th that the U.S. will halve its fiscal deficit by 2009. And this fiscal year’s budget report also mentioned that the Bush government planned to eliminate deficit and turn it into surplus by 2012. However, according to the report published by the U.S. Treasury on March 12, the government deficit increased by 62% in 5 months from October 1 2007 than that of last fiscal year, reaching US$263.3 billion
今年2月10日，斯诺财长曾在IMF和WB的年会上表示，到2008年底，美国的财政赤字将减少一半；年初的2008财年预算报告中也提出，布什政府计划到2012年最终实现消除财政赤字并恢复盈余的目标。但据美国财政部3月12日公布的报告，在从2007年10月1日开始的2008财政年度头5个月里，美国政府的财政赤字比上财年同期增加62%，赤字额达2633亿美元。

What steps does the U.S. plan to take to solve the enlarged deficit and meet the target of turning deficit to surplus by 2012?
请问美国将采取何种措施解决扩大的财政赤字，实现预期目标？

(5) Balance of Payments 支出平衡

10. Recently the U.S. has made significant results in terms of reducing the trade deficit.
近期美国在削减贸易赤字方面成果显著。

Could the U.S. explain what factors, including relevant measures by the U.S., contribute to such reduction of trade deficit?
请美国解释，什么因素，包括相关措施促成了贸易赤字的消减？

11. Will any policy arrangements be adopted in future to promote the structural adjustment of domestic trade and to raise its saving rate? What’s the U.S. view on the long term impact of the sub-prime crisis on the domestic saving-consumption pattern?
未来美国政府有无其它推动国内结构调整、提高储蓄率方面政策安排？美国政府如何评估次贷危机对美国国内储蓄-消费格局的长期影响？

(6) Developments on Trade and Investment 贸易和投资发展

12. (part I，paragraph 28) The Secretariat Report notes that both the import and export of primary products expanded significantly due mainly to the growing importance of mining.
秘书处报告第1部分第28段，初级产品的进口和出口的扩大都主要依赖于矿业的增长的重要性。

Does the U.S. believe that the dollar depreciation is also a contributing factor to such expansion of primary products imports?
美方认为，美元贬值在初级产品价格上涨中起到多大作用？

II．Trade Policy Regime: Framework and Objectives 贸易政策机制：框架和目标
（1）Overview综述

13. (page 12, paragraph 2) The Secretariat Report notes that the Trade Promotion Authority which the Administration views as an important tool for achieving U.S. trade objectives expired in July 2007.
秘书处报告第12页第2段，美国行政部门视为实现美国贸易目的重要工具的“贸易促进授权”已于2007年7月1日到期。
Could the Administration explain that, without the Trade Promotion Authority, how it could ensure other WTO Members that any Doha result by consensus of the Membership, particularly the U.S. commitments therein, would not be changed by the Congress or even requested to a re-negotiate?
请问在没有贸易促进授权的情况下，美国本届行政部门计划如何使其他WTO成员相信，如果今年内多哈回合多边谈判达成一致，其结果不会被未来国会修改或要求重新谈判？


(3) Foreign Investment Regime

14. (page 15，paragraph 18-22) The Secretariat Report notes that FINSA requires “national security” investigations on foreign mergers and acquisitions. However, the Act and its regulations and guidance do not explicate the definition of “national security”. According to FINSA, “national security” includes issues relating to “homeland security” as well. Besides, FINSA automatically subjects to a 45-day CFIUS investigation all transactions that result in “foreign government control” or control of U.S. “critical infrastructure”. FINSA also authorize CFIUS to conduct investigations on foreign investment transactions regardless of the shareholding percentage, at CFIUS own initiative.
秘书处报告第15页第18-22段，2007年《外国投资与国家安全法》（FINSA）要求对外国在美并购实施“国家安全”审查，但该法及有关条例却并没有明确“国家安全”的定义。FINSA还将“国土安全”纳入“国家安全”审查的范围，并对“外国政府控制”和涉及对“关键基础设施”的交易强制实行45天的调查。FINSA还授权CFIUS，只要对外商投资目的存有疑虑，不论其入股比例大小，均可对其展开调查。

a. Could the U.S. confirm the above-mentioned information, particularly on whether there is an explicit definition of “national security”? If yes, please provide such definition and the relevant provisions of the Act or any other relevant law. If not, could the U.S. explain how the U.S. ensures the transparency, fairness and predictability of CFIUS’ reviews and investigations?
请美国澄清上述信息，特别是关于是否有“国家安全”的精确定义？如果是，请提供相关定义和该法案中的相关规定以及其它相关法律。如果不是，请美国解释他如何保证上述调查和审查的透明、公正和可预见性。

b. Please clarify the definition of “foreign government control”, “critical infrastructure” and “critical technology” relating to national security issues as referred to in the Act.
请澄清法案中所指涉及国家安全的“外国政府控制”、“重要基础设施”和“重要技术”的定义。

c. Please provide updated information on the implementation procedures of FINSA of the Act or any other relevant law, particularly on how many such investigations have been carried out, on foreign mergers and acquisitions in which sector, by what countries, and with what results.
请提供FINSA关于该法案和其他相关法律的实施程序的最新信息，特别是关于已经进行了多少调查？涉及哪些产业的外国并购？涉及哪些国家？最后什么结果？

d. Are there any specific provisions/rules on civil punishment against violation of the Act?
是否会对违反该法的民事惩罚措施做出具体规定？

15. CFIUS has been repeatedly initiating review procedures on the acquisition of 3Com by China Huawei and Bain Capital. Since network equipments are defined by the US as “sensitive area”, the intention of acquisition immediately triggered the US review procedure after it was announced to the public. 3Com pointed out that Huawei, as a minority stake holder, would have no right to obtain the American sensitive technologies or the data of its sales to the US government. 3Com also announced that it would have a strict control over its sensitive technologies and avoid any illegal transfer of the sensitive technologies. Finally, this transaction was aborted.
美国外国投资委员会(CFIUS)对中国华为与贝恩资本22亿美元收购3Com启动反复的审查程序，在该交易中，华为将收购3Com的16.5%股份。由于网络设备被美方界定为“敏感领域”，收购消息一经公布，便触发了美国该审查程序。这项交易公开之后，3Com公司曾经指出，作为小股东，华为公司将无权获得敏感的美国技术或者公司对美国政府的销售资料，并表示，它将严格控制，防止出现敏感技术非法传递的情况。但此项交易仍然受到美国方面的阻挠而中止。

a. What are the review criteria and procedures of the CFIUS when conducting security review on foreign investments? Do the review criteria vary to acquisitions of companies from country to country? If yes, what are the soecific?
a. CFIUS在对外国投资进行安全审查时的审查标准与程序是什么？ 对于不同的国家审查标准是否有所不同？如果有，区别是什么？

b. What is the definition “sensitive area”? Under such definition, if any, what products or equipments fall in the category of “sensitive area”?
b. 敏感领域的定义是什么？在这一定义下，哪些产品和设备被归类于“敏感领域”

c. Could the U.S. provide detailed information on the reviews by CFIUS, particularly on how many reviews, on what acquisitions, of what products or equipments, by what companies from what countries? Could the U.S. also provide the reasoning as announced by CFIUS for each negative result of such reviews?
请美国提供关于 CFIUS的审查的详细信息，特别是关于有多少审查？关于什么并购？关于什么产品或设备？哪个国家的哪个公司？也请提供CFIUS关于宣布负面结果的此类调查的理由。

d. Does CFIUS take into consideration the opinions of the Congress, media and/or other interested parties in the course of reviewing? If so, how and why?
FIUS在审查过程中会否考虑国会、媒体和其他利益相关方的意见？ 如是，通过什么程序实现？

(4) International Relations
（i）World Trade Organization

16. （page 17, paragraph 31） The Secretariat Report notes that the U.S. met most of its notification obligations between 2005 and 2007 except those on agricultural tariff quotas and government procurement statistics.
秘书处报告17页第31段指出：2005年至2007年之间，美国除了未通报农业关税配额和政府采购数据外，履行了其向世界贸易组织通报的大部分义务。

a. What are the reasons for the U.S. to not fully meet its WTO notification obligations in the above-mentioned areas? What is its plan and timeframe to make such notifications?
请问美国未能全部履行其向世界贸易组织通报义务的原因是什么？美国拟做出通报的计划和时间表是什么？

b. It is noted that the U.S. hasn’t notified the technical regulation drafts at sub-federal level. Could the U.S. explain the reasons and its plan and timeframe to make such notifications?
b.美国州以下地方政府制定的技术法规草案并未向世界贸易组织通报。请美国解释其理由，并提供拟做出通报的计划和时间表。

17. The U.S. economy has slowed down mainly due to the outburst of sub-prime crisis in the late 2007. This has brought negative impact on the world economic development. In general, people fear that this will result in the rise of trade protectionism in major developed countries including the U.S, which would also have negative impact on the Doha Development Agenda.
2007下半年由于次贷危机爆发，美国经济增长明显放缓，并进一步对世界经济发展产生负面影响。各界普遍认为这将导致美国等主要发达国家贸易保护主义的抬头，阻碍多哈回合谈判进展。

What is the U.S. view to such opinion? What actions does the U.S. plan to take by playing a leading role with its own contributions to push forward the Doha multilateral trade negotiations, as a key economy that benefits most from the multilateral trading system?
请问美方如何看待这一观点？作为从多边贸易体系中获益最多的重要经济体，美方将采取何种措施通过扮演领导角色对推动多哈多边贸易谈判做出自己的贡献？

（ii）Preferential and other arrangements

18. Please provide the statistics with regard to percentage of excluded products in the FTAs signed and implemented, including those in force and those concluded but yet to be implemented, by tariff line and by trade value.
请提供美国已实施的自贸协议和已签署待实施的自贸协议中例外产品的占比（按税目及按贸易额统计）。

19. Please provide information on the percentage of imports under the FTAs’ preferential regime to the overall imports in 2007, on a country-by-country basis.
请美国提供已实施的自贸协议在2007年受惠进口额占双边进口额的比例（按国别统计）

20. Please provide detailed data on the contribution of FTAs in force to the growth of bilateral imports and exports of the U.S. in 2007, on a country-by-country basis.
请美国提供已实施的自贸协议对2007年双边进出口贸易额增长贡献的具体数据（按国别统计）。

- Aid for Trade

21. Please explain what initiatives have been undertaken by the U.S. to fulfill its commitments on Aid for Trade? Please also explain how such new initiatives are different and additional from its previous ones and those under other framework?
请解释美国在履行他在促贸援助方面的承诺上作出了哪些努力？请解释这些努力如何不同于并补充了之前的和其他框架下的努力。

22. It seems that the U.S. has yet more to do to meet its commitment of 0.7% of gross national income (GNI) as official development assistance (ODA) under the Monterrey Consensus.
美国在兑现《蒙特雷共识》中关于ODA占GNI 0.7%的承诺方面还有很多工作要做。

What actions does the U.S. plan to take in order to effectively meet the target at an early date? Or the U.S. imply has no intention at all to meet such a target?
美国计划采取什么措施来有效地、尽快地兑现承诺？或者美国根本不打算兑现？

23．It is believed that provision of Duty-free quota-free treatment to products imported from LDCs was a significant outcome of HK Ministerial Conference, which was also a mandatory obligation for all developed members, including the U.S.
我们相信，对最不发达国家的产品提供免关税和免配额待遇是香港部长级会议的最显著结果，这同样是所有的发达国家，包括美国，的强制性义务。

Could the U.S. confirm whether it has fulfilled this obligation? If yes, please provide relevant information including statistics and any possible exclusion. If no, please explain the reason and its plan, if any, to fulfill such obligation.
请美国澄清是否履行了义务？如果是，请提供包括统计信息和其他可能理由在内的相关信息。如果不是，请解释原因，并提供兑现义务的计划。

III．Trade Policies and Practices by Measures
（2）Measures Directly Affecting Imports
（i）Customs procedures

24. （page 25, paragraph 16）The Secretariat Report notes that a customs bond must be posted for each importation of merchandise. The bond could be as high as three times of the total of the imported merchandise value plus import duties, taxes, and fees. According to CBP，bonds allow importers to take possession of their merchandise ahead of time thus facilitating trade. However, such a compulsory requirement will tie up the importer’s cash flow to a great extent therefore not facilitating trade.
第16段中提到，美国规定所有进口到美国的货物都必须按照要求提交进口保证金，保证金最高可达进口货物价值和进口关税以及其他费用总额的三倍。虽然提交保证金后企业可以提前取到货物，但这一强制规定在很大程度上占用了企业的流动资金，不利于国际贸易的开展。

Please elaborate the considerations in making this customs bond requirement.
请美方解释此规定出于何种考虑。

25. (page 27, paragraph 24) According to the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, all containers from a U.S.-bound vessel must be scanned using non-intrusive imaging and radiation detection equipment. However, according to C-TPAT, its participants shall enjoy lower inspection rate.
根据2007年911授权执行推荐法案，所有来自美国船只的集装箱都要经过费插入性成像和雷达检测设备的检查。然而，C-TPAT计划的成员则享受更低的查验率。

Please clarify the discrepancy between the Act and the Programme.
请澄清该法案和该计划之间的矛盾。

26. Please provide the findings of assessment of the 100% scanning pilot programme and if possible, explain the conclusions of the assessment. China is concerned that the implementation of 100% scanning requirement will create extra customs procedures and increase trade costs. Could the U.S. elaborate what measures might be adopted to avoid or minimize the negative impact of such requirement to international trade?
请提供100%查验实行计划的评估结果，如果可能的话，请解释该评估的结论。中方关注，100%查验要求的适用会增加额外的海关程序并增加成本。请美国解释可能采取什么措施来避免或减轻这一要求对国际贸易的负面影响，

27. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security has published a “10+2”requirement which requests the submission of 10 data elements by importer or their designated agent and 2 data elements by carrier or their designated agent 24 hours prior to loading the U.S.-bound vessel.
美国国内安全部近期发布了被提议的进口商和他们的代理人在船舶离港前24小时提交10项数据和承运人提交2项数据的“10+2”安全规则。

a. The U.S. emphasized that this requirement was made for security reason and not for commercial or trade enforcement purpose. However, there are wide concerns that too much and strict port security requirements make it a drawback from trade facilitation. We would like to know what efforts have been or will be made by the U.S. to minimize its negative impact on trade. How have the public concerns been taken into consideration by the U.S. authorities?
美国强调，这一要求是处于安全原因而非商业或贸易目的。然而，过多的和过于严格的安全要求会对贸易便利形成障碍。我们想问，美国做出了哪些努力或将要做出哪些努力，来减少它对贸易的负面影响。公众的关注是如何被纳入美国政府的考虑的？

b. How will the issue of commercial information confidentiality be properly addressed?
关于商业信息机密的问题如何得到合理解决？

c. Please update the progress on this requirement.
请提供这一要求的最新进展。

28. According to the ruling of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in Apr. 2008, U.S. customs and boarder control agencies have the authority to search, review and copy the content of the laptops/electronic equipments without identifying specific reason for suspicion.
根据美国第九巡回上诉法庭于08年4月作出的裁决，美海关和边境保护局有权在不具嫌疑或其他可能理由的情况下对入境人员的手提电脑及其他电子设备进行搜查，并可查看和复制上述设备中储存的信息。

Please explain what measures have been adopted by the U.S. to ensure that these contents were not subject to abuse.
美国如何保证所获信息的安全和不被用作其他用途？


（iii）Rules of Origin

29. (page 29, paragraph 35) The Report notes that “Determination of origin relies on self-certification.”
秘书处报告第35段提到，“原产地的确定靠自我证明”。

Please explain what the term “self-certification” means.
请美方解释“自我证明”的内涵。

30. (page 29, paragraph 36) The Report notes that “however, these general standards may be adapted and interpreted further by agencies other than CBP to fit the needs and purposes of particular context in which non-preferential rules are applied. ”
秘书处报告第36段提到，“但是，这些一般性的标准可以由海关和边境保护局以外的机构进行诠释，以满足一些非优惠规则适用的特定情况下的需要和目的。”


Please clarify what are the “agencies” as referred to in the paragraph. What is the relationship between the CBP and the “agencies” in terms of ROO interpretation right?
请澄清上述“机构”包括哪些？在原产地规则的解释权上海关和边境保护局与这些“机构”是何关系？

31. (page 29, paragraph 37) The Report notes that the “wholly obtained” criterion is used in the U.S. FTAs, including those that have entered into force since last review. As we understand, “wholly obtained” is only one of the criteria.
秘书处报告37段提到，美国自贸协定中采用“完全获得”的标准。因为“完全获得”仅是原产地标准之一种，其他还包括什么标准（CTC，RVC或加工工序等）。

Could the U.S. clarify what are the other criteria?
请美方澄清其他标准指什么。

32. (page 30, paragraph 38) The Report mentioned about “double substantial transformation”.
秘书处报告第38段提到“双重实质性改变”。

Please explain how to apply the “double substantial transformation” criterion to determine the country of origin.
请美方解释如何使用“双改”来判别原产地？

33. (page 30, paragraph 38) The Report mentioned that to qualify for preferential tariff treatment under the programmes, apparel must use U.S. components, regional components up to an annual cap.
秘书处报告第38段报告提到了“要达到优惠关税待遇的资格，必须使用达到一定年度值的美国成分和区域成分”。

Please explain how the annual cap is calculated, what factors are considered/included, and if there is a uniform formula for the calculation.
请美方具体说明此年度值是如何计算的，计算中包括哪些要素，是否有统一的计算公式。

34. (page 30, paragraph 39) The Secretariat Report notes that “this scheme benefits U.S. companies with investments in Mexico and Canada, and helps to integrate regional production.”
秘书处报告第39段提到，这些安排使得美国在加拿大和墨西哥投资的公司受益，并且有助于区域生产的一体化。

Please elaborate how such schemes help to integrate regional production, and what are the policies and measures adopted or will be adopted by the U.S. to promote regional production integration.
请说明，这种安排如何有助于区域生产一体化？美国推进区域生产一体化已经采取和将要采取的政策措施有哪些？

（iv）Tariff

35. According to U.S. current tariff schedule, high tariffs, whose tariff rates are 3 times higher than the national average, account for 5% of the total tariff-lines. The tariff rates of tobacco, yogurt and peanuts are as high as 160% to 350%. The tariff rates of other agriculture products range from 50% to 110%. High tariffs and tariff peaks concentrate on agriculture products, on which the U.S. has strong competitiveness, as well as textile and clothing, footwear and travel products, on which developing countries have strong export interests.
目前，美国超过平均关税水平三倍以上的高关税税目约占总税目的5%。其中，烟草、酸乳酪、花生的进口关税高达160%-350%，其他农产品的关税也在50%-110%之前。高关税和关税高峰主要集中在农产品等美国具有很强竞争优势的产品，以及纺织服装、鞋类和旅行产品等发展中成员的主要出口产品类别。

Please explicate the policy consideration behind the tariff structure and the possible effect on export from developing countries to U.S..
请美国解释设计这种关税结构的政策考虑及其可能对发展中成员对美出口的影响

36. Recently, the CBP has changed the custom classification of multiplayer hard-wood parquet, from the original HS heading 44.18.30 to heading 44.12. Consequently multiplayer parquet imports are subject to a duty of 8%, instead of the original duty-free treatment, which greatly affects the exporting enterprise and future exports.
近期美国海关与边境保护署调整了多层实木地板的税则分类，将其由Parquet panels中的44.18.30调整至胶合板类中的44.12项下，使其由免关税产品变为被实施8%税率的产品。此举将对木地板企业出口及未来出口造成重要影响。

a. Please explain the reasons for this tariff classification adjustment.
a. 请美国解释该次税目调整的理由。

b. Please provide the import volume of the affected products in the latest 3 years and identify the principal suppliers of such products.
b. 请提供前三年该产品的主要进口来源国及进口量。

（v）Other charges affecting imports

37. (page 34, paragraph 61-64) The Secretariat Report notes that U.S. applies federal excise taxes on certain imported and domestic products. Reduced tax rates are applied for domestic brewer with an annual production of 2 million barrels of beer or less and domestic wine producers with an annual production of 0.15 million wine gallons or less. Also, the U.S. does not apply a value added tax. Sub-federal governments may impose sales taxes and additional excise taxes on imports and domestic products.
秘书处报告第34页第61—64段：美国政府对国外进口和国内生产的特定产品征收联邦消费税，对国内啤酒生产商年产数量在200万（含200万）桶以下的企业，以及国内葡萄酒生产商年产数量在15万（含15万）加仑的企业，分别给与了相应的低税率税收优惠。同时，美国没有开征增值税，地方政府有权对国产的和进口的产品征收营业税和附加消费税。


a. Please explain the tax bases for sales tax and additional excise tax imposed by the sub-federal governments respectively for domestic products and for imported products.
a．请分别解释美国地方政府对国产的和进口的产品征收销售税和附加消费税的计税基础。

b. If the tax bases are different for imported and domestic products, please explain why.
b.如果计税基础不一致，请解释原因。

c. Please justify the preferential tax policy for domestic brewers and wine producers, and its conformity with the WTO rules.
c．请美国政府解释对上述国内啤酒和葡萄酒生产商的税收优惠政策的合理性及其与WTO规则的一致性。

(vi) Anti-dumping and countervailing measures

38. Sec. 210.16(c) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure stipulates that U.S. international Trade Commission can issue General Exclusion Orders (GEOs) in the 337 investigations. Sec. 210.39(b) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure stipulates that in case of a parallel suit in a district court, the district court will suspend the suit and resume after the ruling of the ITC has been issued.
美国 Sec. 210.16(c) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure规定，美国国际贸易委员会在337调查中有权发布普遍排除令；Sec. 210.39(b) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure规定，如果存在337调查和地区法院的平行诉讼，地区法院只需中止诉讼程序，等ITC作出裁决以后可以继续诉讼。

For imported products, the complainant may initiate a 337 investigation, request for a GEO and at the same time file a parallel suit with a district court. However, for the U.S. domestically produced products, the complainant can only file a suit with the district court and can not apply for a GEO. Correspondingly, this means that foreign producers and importers may face two connected suits, while the local producers only need to handle one suit at the district court.
在美国，对于进口货物，原告可以提起337调查并请求发布普遍排除令，同时可在地区法院提起平行诉讼；而对于美国生产的货物，原告不能申请337条款项下的普遍排除令，只能在地区法院提起诉讼。相应地，来自美国以外的生产商和进口商可能需要面对两个连续的诉讼，而美国本土的生产商只需要面对地区法院一个诉讼。

a. Please explain how this treatment is consistent with the national treatment principle of WTO. Please also explain the consistency of the measure with Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement, which requires that “...patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention, ... and whether products are imported or locally produced.”
a. 请解释这种差别待遇是否符合WTO的国民待遇原则？请美国解释其与TRIPS协议第27条“对于专利的获得和专利权的享受不因……产品是进口的还是当地生产的而受到歧视”的一致性问题。

b. Please explain the consistency of the GEO with Article 42 of the TRIPS Agreement which requires “Fair and Equitable Procedures”.
b. 请解释普遍排除令的实施是否符合TRIPS协议第42条“公平和公正的程序”的规定。

c. Please indicate whether U.S. is considering amending the application of GEO.
c. 美国是否会考虑修改普遍排除令的适用方式？


39. U.S. has initiated numerous antidumping investigations against China in the past 30 years. The amendment of U.S. antidumping law in the 1980s has allowed cumulative assessment in the determination of injuries. Art. 771(7) (G) of the Trade Act of 1974 (19U•S•C•§1677(7) (G)) stipulates that in the determination of “material injury” or “threat of material injury” for a certain domestic industry, “if such imports compete with each other and with domestic like products in the United States market”, “the Commission shall cumulatively assess the volume and effect of imports of the subject merchandise from all countries”. It is believed that the cumulative approach of assessment leads to a greater possibility of finding injuries.
在过去三十年里美国对中国发起了多起反倾销调查。自80年代美国修改反倾销法以来，允许采用累积评估的方法作出损害的裁决。美国法律第771(7)(G)款(19U•S•C•§1677(7)(G))规定：在对一国内产业进行实质性损害评估时，“若不同出口国产品之间及进口产品与美国相同或类似产品之间存在相互竞争，则委员会应将所有相关国家(已被提起申诉，或在同一天开始了自我调查的国家)的进口数量和产生的效果累积地加以考虑。”使用累积评估方法，增加了做出产业损害裁决的可能性。

Could the U.S. explain such practice of cumulative approach conform to the AD Agreement?
请美国解释这种累积评估的实践同反倾销协议的一致性。

40. The U.S. Department of Commerce has initiated 11 joint antidumping/countervailing investigations against imports from China since the end of 2006. China notes meanwhile, U.S. still denies the market economy status of China. It is also noted that it is U.S.’s consistent practice not to apply countervailing investigations on the non-market economy countries. This can be verified by various rulings of courts and the Department of Commerce. In both the report entitled “U.S.-China Trade Commerce Faces Practical and Legal Challenges in Applying Countervailing Duties” submitted by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to the Congress in Jun. 2005, and the testimony of Mr. Loren Yager, the chief for the international affairs and trade of GAO, to the Congress (U.S.-China Trade Challenges and Choices to apply Countervailing Duties to China), it was recognized that there are legal and practical difficulties with regard to countervailing investigations against China. The explanation offered by U.S. on this discrepancy is that China’s current economic situation is already very different from the traditional soviet mode, and that the criteria for initiating countervailing investigations are already met. Nevertheless, the Department of Commerce states quite the opposite: that the major factors of production, including land, loans, raw materials are controlled or manipulated by the government and there’s no effective market or market price.
美国商务部自2006年底以来已经连续对中国产品发起11起反倾销反补贴合并调查。中方注意到美方目前仍然拒绝承认中国的市场经济地位，而且在此前一直坚持不对非市场经济国家进行反补贴调查的做法（通过美国商务部及法院判例确认）。2005年6月，美国政府审计署在递交美国国会的《美中贸易——商务部在适用反补贴税时所面对的操作和法律挑战》报告和2006年4月，美国政府审计署国际事务和贸易负责人Loren Yager在向国会提交的证词中均认为，美国对华反补贴调查存在法律及操作障碍。美方对其改变原有立场对华进行反补贴调查的解释是目前中国的经济状况已经与传统意义上的苏联模式有很大不同，进行反补贴调查的条件已经具备。但是美国商务部在已经做出的各案初裁、终裁中认为，中国的土地、贷款、原材料等所有重要生产要素均受到政府控制或扭曲，不存在有效的市场或市场价格。

a. Please justify the applicability of countervailing investigations on the products from a “non-market economy” as recognized by the U.S.
a. 美方如何证明其对来自“非市场经济”国家的产品进行反补贴调查的正当性？

b. Please explain what fundamental changes have occurred in China’s economy that has qualified as applicable to the countervailing investigations?
b. 请美方解释：中国的经济状况发生了哪些根本性变化，使得对中国进行反补贴调查成为可能。

41. The Department of Commerce has initiated numerous joint antidumping/countervailing investigations against imports from China. In the antidumping investigations, U.S. regards China as a non-market economy and applies substitution method in calculating the dumping margin. China’s understanding is that it has been a consistent practice of U.S. to apply joint antidumping/countervailing investigations only to the “market economies”. While for the “non-market economies”, it only applies antidumping investigations because it is already adequate to use non-market method to remedy an unfair trade resulted from the government’s price interference and distortion, including providing subsidies.
美国商务部对中国进行多起反倾销反补贴合并调查，在反倾销部分对中国采用非市场经济方法，即使用替代国价格计算中国产品的“倾销幅度”；同时进行反补贴调查。中方理解，美方此前的实践一直是：对于市场经济国家可以同时进行反倾销和反补贴调查，而对于美方认为的“非市场经济国家”仅进行反倾销调查，因为采用非市场经济方法已经足以对非市场经济国家对价格的干涉和扭曲，包括提供补贴在内，造成的不公平贸易状况进行救济。

Please explain why no measures have been taken to avoid joint AD/CVD investigations against products imported from China since the U.S. regards China as a non-market economy?
请解释，既然不承认中国的市场经济地位，为什么美国没有采取任何避免对从中国进口产品的反倾销反补贴合并调查？


42. In the U.S. countervailing investigations against China, despite the ample amount of factual evidence provided by China on the prices of land, raw materials, water and energy, the U.S. refused to accept the fact that the prices for the abovementioned factors have already been highly market-oriented, and insists on the use of external benchmarks. For raw materials, U.S. refused to use the price of China’s importation from market economies. For the prices of land, water and interest rates, it is a common understanding that different countries, even among countries of similar economic development, apply different rates and there’s no objective base rate that is applicable to all Members.
在美国对中国的反补贴调查中，不顾中方提供的大量事实证据，拒绝采用中国国内的土地、原材料、水、能源价格等信息，无视中国上述生产要素价格均已高度市场化的事实，而是以中国市场扭曲为由使用外部基准价格（external benchmark）。在原材料价格上，美方拒绝采用中国企业自市场经济国家进口的原材料价格作为价格基准。而土地价格、水价和利率在世界各国（即使是经济发展水平接近的国家之间）差异很大，并不存在客观可靠的基准价格。

For each of the abovementioned factor of production, please specify the reasons for rejecting to adopt China’s domestic price or price of imports from a market economy. Please also justify the rationality for using external benchmarks instead of China’s domestic prices.
请美方就上述各项生产要素逐项解释其拒绝采用中国国内市场价格或从市场经济国家进口价格的理由，以及采用外部价格基准代替中国国内市场价格的合理性。

43. According to Article 11.2 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), applications for initiating a countervailing investigation shall include “sufficient evidence” and “simple assertion, unsubstantiated by relevant evidence, cannot be considered sufficient to meet the requirements”. Article 13.1 also requires that “in any event before the initiation of any investigation, Members the products of which may be subject to such investigation shall be invited for consultations”.
根据WTO补贴与反补贴措施协定（SCM）第11.2条规定立案申请应当包括“充足证据”，“缺乏有关证据的简单断言不能视为足以满足本款的要求”；第13.1条规定“无论如何在发起任何调查之前应邀请产品可能接受调查的成员进行磋商”。

The U.S. maintains a low standard for the “sufficient evidence” test in accepting the applications for CVD investigations, and requires China to prove the “simple assertion” test. This is a significantly imbalanced distribution of burden of proof, and has led to the abusive use of countervailing measures by the U.S. industries. Apart from this, U.S. allows new claims to be submitted after a case is registered, and for these newly submitted claims, Member(s) involved were not consulted. The practice is inconsistent with the provisions of Article 13.1 of the SCM Agreement.
而目前美方对于申请方提出申请时的证据标准很低，而要求中方证明申请方的“简单断言”不存在，使双方的举证责任分配严重不公，已经造成并将进一步刺激美国产业的滥诉；同时，美方还允许申请方在立案之后提出大量新增项目，对于这些新增项目，中方没有得到任何磋商机会，违反了13.1条的规定。

a. Please explain the standards for the “sufficient evidence” test for accepting a CVD application. Please specify how these standards are in line with the requirements of Article 11 of the SCM Agreement, and how will U.S. take measures to avoid abuse of countervailing measures?
a. 请美方解释其立案时审查申请方提供的证据的标准，说明其是否符合SCM第11条的规定，以及美方将采取何种努力防止国内企业滥诉.

b. Please explain the standards for accepting new claims after a case is registered, and what efforts will be made to fulfill the requirements of Article 13 of the SCM Agreement?
b. 说明其对于新增项目申请的接受标准，以及美方将作出何种努力以符合13条的要求。

44. (page 36, paragraph 70) The Secretariat Report notes that AD and CVD investigations may be suspended based on an agreement with the exporter or foreign governments.
根据秘书处报告第36页第70段，美方可以和出口商或出口国政府达成协议，中止反倾销或反补贴调查。

What is the working procedure to reach such an agreement? Will the U.S. accept the price undertakings if the exporter or foreign government initiates an offer? If not, what is the reason?
请问美方达成此种协议的具体工作程序？当出口商或出口国政府主动提出价格承诺时，美方是否会接受价格承诺？如果不接受，理由是什么？

45. (page 36, paragraph 70) The Secretariat Report notes that the agreement with respect to CVD investigations may involve quantitative restrictions.
秘书处报告中提到中止反补贴调查的协议可能涉及到“数量限制”，
a. Please clarify how such quantitative restrictions conform to Article 11 of GATT, Article 18.1 of Anti-dumping Agreement and Article 11 of SCM Agreement. 请美方澄清这一数量限制是如何与GATT第11条、《反倾销协议》第18.1条和《保障措施协议》第11条相一致的。



b. Please explain how the U.S can ensure transparency of such agreements with exporters or foreign governments.
请美方说明，如何保证这种协议的透明度？

46. With regard to the sunset review, will the U.S. adjust the scope of products under investigation and domestic like-products in the review? Are these products necessary to be newly emerged products during the period when anti-dumping measures are imposed? In this kind of reviews, will the investigation authority conduct investigations on the domestic injury to the industry and the possibility of recurrence?
关于日落复审，请问美方在复审中是否会调整被调查产品、国内同类产品的范围？这些产品是否必须是实施反倾销措施期间内出现的新产品？在进行此类复审时，调查机关是否调查国内产业损害及其再度发生的可能性？

（vii）Safeguards

47. On Mar. 5th, 2002, U.S. initiated safeguard measures against imported steel products and imposed Steel Import Licensing and Surge Monitoring (SILSM) for the imported steel products, and the Department of Commerce issued implementation rules for SILSM on Dec. 31, 2003. On Dec. 4, 2003, President Bush terminated the safeguard measures, but SILSM was maintained until Mar. 21, 2005. On Mar. 11, 2005, the Department of Commerce issued a regulation on the Steel Import Monitoring and Analysis System (SIMAS) to replace SILSM and the new system is effective until Mar. 21, 2009. SIMAS also expanded the scope of covered steel products.
2002年3月5日，美国宣布对进口钢铁产品实施保障措施和进口钢铁产品实许可和激增监控措施。2003年12月31日，美国商务部颁布了钢铁产品进口许可和激增监控的具体规定。美国总统布什于2003年12月4日宣布终止了对进口钢铁产品的保障措施，但是美国商务部仍然将钢铁产品进口许可和激增监控系统延续到2005年3月21日。在2005年3月11日，美国商务部在原有进口许可和监控体系到期前颁布了在到期后的钢铁产品进口许可和激增监控体系的暂行规定。2005年12月5日，美国商务部颁布新的钢铁产品进口许可和激增监控体系规定, 该体系将延续到2009年3月21日，该体系还扩大了监控产品范围。

a. Please explain the purpose for adopting automatic SIMAS and the reason for expanding the scope of covered steel products.
a. 美国对进口钢铁产品采取进口自动许可的目的和扩大钢铁产品监控范围的原因？

b. Please explain how the U.S. government will protect the commercial secrets involved in the steel imports.
b. 美国政府计划如何保护进口所涉及的商业秘密？

c. Please clarify whether SIMAS has led to any subsequent trade measures including safeguards.
c.请说明这一措施是否导致了包括保障措施在内的后续贸易措施。

（x）Standards and other technical requirements

48. In January, 2007, the U.S. started its implementation of repetitive use program of electronic products in the state of Washington, which covers provisions on manufacturers, collectors, and registration of transporters, labeling, fee charging, and punishment for violations，
2007年，美国在华盛顿州开始实施电子产品重复利用计划，涵盖了对生产商、收藏者，运输商注册、标签、收费和违法处罚的规定。

Could the U.S. please clarify the scope of electronic products subject to the regulation and the criteria and procedures for the operation?
请美国说明这一法规下的电子产品的范围，和法律执行的标准和程序。

49. In 2007, FDA tightened inspection on the China’s exports to U.S. While fully respecting U.S.’s rights under the SPS agreement, it has to be pointed out that some inspection process last up to 2-3 weeks, significantly affecting China’s export to U.S. In addition, the high inspection fees also prevented exports from the SMEs, leading to a significant reduction in the import from China.
2007年，美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）全面加强了对中国输美产品的检验检疫。由于一些检验检疫需要2到3周的时间，因而大大减缓了中国产品向美国出口的速度。且由于检验检疫费用高昂，大部分中国中小出口企业无力承担，结果造成输美产品量大减。

It was also claimed by Chinese exporters that different inspection standards have been applied for certain products which discriminates against the imported products.
该标准中，美国FDA对中国产品和其本土产品采取不同检验标准。中方企业界反映，这种标准有失公平。

a. Please explain whether the U.S. is considering adopting measures to ensure reasonable timeframe for the inspections.
请解释，美国是否考虑采取措施保证该项检验的合理时间表。
b. Please justify the application of different standards to the imported products.
请说明对进口商适用不同标准的合理性。

50. The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (the Bioterrorism Act) set rigorous principles for food safety and prevention of bioterrorism. The FDA is the agency in charge and had formulated a series of measures to implement the Act.
美国于2002年颁布的《公众健康安全与生物恐怖主义预防应对法》（简称《生物反恐法》Bioterrorism Act）为食品和生物反恐问题制定了严格的指导原则。食品药品管理局为执行该法，于2003年颁布了一系列法规

Without prejudice to U.S.’s right to secure food safety and prevent bioterrorism, the reflection from the Chinese industries is that the new regulations are excessively complicated in terms of inspections, registration and notification, which reduced the speed of customs clearance, increased export-related costs and raised uncertainty and unpredictability, affecting normal trade.
对美国保证食品安全和预防恐怖主义的权利不报偏见的前提下，中方的企业界反映，新的系列规定使得美国在实施食品登记注册和通报制度时，检验检疫程序过于繁冗，降低了通关速度、增加了企业出口成本，降低了企业出口市场风险的可预见性，增大了出口市场的不确定性，影响了正常贸易。

a. Please explain in what ways the Act and its implementation reflects the requirement of “minimizing negative trade effects” as stipulated in Article 5.4 of the SPS agreement.
请解释该项法案及实施在哪些方面反映了SPS协定第5.4章规定的“减低贸易负面影响”的要求？

b. Is the U.S. considering adopting measures to reduce the negative impacts on the exporters?
美国是否考虑采取措施减少对出口商的负面影响？

51. China is the U.S.’s largest export market for poultry products. However, China’s export of cooked poultry products to the U.S. market has encountered difficulties for many years. After rounds of tough negotiations, U.S. officially recognized the equal status of China’s sanitary administration for the cooked poultry products. On May 24, 2006, U.S. has passed an Act that allows importation of China’s cooked poultry products that are produced with the U.S. approved raw materials. U.S. has also expressed on numerous occasions that technical matters, including food safety issue with respect to China’s export of cooked poultry products to the U.S. is already resolved and the importation should begin as soon as possible. However, on Aug. 3rd, 2007, the U.S. House of Representatives has passed the 2008 Agriculture Appropriation Bill, Article 733 of which requires that the appropriations shall not be used to enact or implement rules that allow importation of cooked poultry products from China. In December 2007, the bill was approved by the Senate and signed by the President.
中国是美国鸡肉产品的最大出口市场之一，但对美熟制禽肉出口多年来遭遇困难。经多次交涉，2005年4月，美方正式认可中国熟制禽肉卫生管理体系的等效性。2006年5月24日，美国公布法案批准进口中国使用美方批准的原料加工的熟制禽肉。美方多次表示，中国熟制禽肉输美已经不存在食品安全等技术问题，将尽早予以解决。但2007年8月3日，美国众议院通过“2008财年农业拨款法案”，其中733款要求不得使用该案拨款“制定或实施”允许中国熟制禽肉产品输美的规定。2007年12月，参议院批准该法案，并已交美国总统签署生效。

a. Does the U.S. consider restricting importation from a specific country through limiting the use of government fund a discriminatory practice and that such protectionist practices should be abolished?
a.　请问美国是否同意，一国通过限制政府经费用途的方式限制特定国家产品向本国的进口，是一种歧视性做法，这一贸易保护主义的做法应该取消？

b. Please explain the consistency of Article 733 of the abovementioned bill with Article 11.1 of the GATT 1994 on the general elimination of quantitative restrictions. Does the U.S. have plans to bring the measure in conformity with the WTO rules?
b. 请解释上述法案的733节和1994总协定的11.1借的一致性。美国有否计划使这些做法符合WTO的规定？

c. As the world’s largest trading and developed nation, the U.S. plays an exemplary role to the world trade system. Has the U.S. considered taking measures to compensate for the losses of other Members of the WTO that were harmed by this provision?
美国是世界最大的贸易国和发达国家，美国在世界贸易体系中扮演榜样角色。美方是否考虑采取措施补偿被这项规定损害利益的其他WTO成员的损失？

d. Does the U.S. have any plans to normalize trade in cooked poultry products with China in the near future? If so, what specific measures are going to be adopted?
美方准备如何尽快实现中国熟制禽肉的正常贸易？如果是，准备采取什么具体措施？


52. (page 51，paragraph 148) The Secretariat Report notes that there are no statutory limitations regarding the duration of the process to approve first-time imports of plants, animals, and their products into the United States.”
秘书处报告51页第148段，“对于首次进口动植物及其制品的批准程序法律上没有时间限制”。

a. Please explain reasons for not setting a time limit for the approval process?
a. 请阐明对批准程序不设置时间限制的原因。

b. Members are concerned that this will lead to increased uncertainty for trade in the covered products. What’s the U.S.’s view? Is the U.S. planning to adopt measures to address Members’ concerns?
b. 成员担忧这将增加相关产品贸易的不确定性，对贸易造成障碍。美国如何认为？美国是否准备采取措施加以改进？

（3）Measures Directly Affecting Exports
（ii）Export restrictions and controls

53. China is the largest market affected by U.S.’s export restrictive measures. U.S. is a strong nation in terms of science and technology, However, according to the U.S. statistics, U.S.-China bilateral trade in high-tech products registered a deficit of 67.65 billion USD in 2007, accounting for 26.4% of the total bilateral trade deficit. According to China’s statistics, the U.S.’s share in China’s import of high-tech products dropped from 18.3% in 2001 to 8.5% in 2007. In 2007, the Department of Commerce issued a new regulation on the export control, requiring China to expand the scope of coverage of products subject to the verification of the end users and end use (VEU).
中国是受美出口管制限制的最大出口市场。据美方统计，美国作为科技大国，其2007年高技术产品的对华贸易逆差却高达676.5亿美元，占美对华贸易逆差的26.4%。据中方统计，在中国高技术产品进口中，美国产品的份额从2001年的18.3%下降到2007年的8.5%。2007年，美国商务部发布的对华出口管制新规定中，要求中方扩大出具《最终用户和最终用途说明》的范围。

a. Could the U.S. share with Members its report on the analysis of the impact of the export control policy on the domestic industries and employment?
a. 美国对其出口管制政策对国内产业和就业影响的分析报告可否与成员分享？

b. Please explain how the U.S.’s stringent export control measures on high-tech products are consistent with the spirit and rules of free trade.
b. 美国对华高技术产品出口实施严格管制，这是否符合自由贸易的精神？

c. Could the U.S. confirm that the export control on high-tech products is one of the main factors driving the China-U.S. trade off the balance?
c. 美方是否同意其对高科技产品的出口管制措施是构成中美贸易不平衡的主要原因之一？

d. Does the U.S. agree that the requirement of expansion of coverage of VEU is a setback to the trade facilitation?
d. 美方是否同意其要求扩大出具最终用户和最终用途说明的做法（VEU制度）是在便利贸易方面的倒退？

e. Please explain reasons for a tightened export control against China, considering that in the meanwhile China is also pressed by the U.S. for more liberalization in more areas.
e. 在要求中国开放更多领域的同时，美国却一再加严对华出口管制，请解释这样做的理由。

（iv）Export assistance

54. (page 58，paragraph 183) According to the Secretariat Report, financing support by the Ex-Im Bank for U.S. exporting goods and services is subject to the U.S.-content requirements. The higher extent of U.S. content, the greater possibility to get bigger support.
根据秘书处报告58页第183段，目前，美国出口产品和服务获得的美国进出口银行的融资支持，与其产品和服务的本土化比例挂钩，本土化比例越高，其获得的融资金额可能越高。

Please explain whether such arrangements will lead to differential or differentiated treatment among enterprises? Will they lead to enterprise-specific subsidies?
请美方解释，这种安排是否会造成不同企业间的差别待遇？是否构成对特定企业的补贴？

（4） Other Measures Affecting Production and Trade
（ii）Other government support

55.（Page 62 Paragraph 202）The Secretariat Report notes that the American Jobs Creating Act of 2004 introduced a phase-in，9% tax deduction for certain producers.
根据秘书处报告62页第202段, 美国《2004就业机会创造法》规定，对某些生产商提供渐进的、最高为9%的税收减免优惠。

a. Please explain the criteria that a producer must satisfy in order to be eligible for such a tax reduction.
a. 请美方解释，企业需要满足何条件，才可享受这项优惠政策？

b. Are these tax reductions only apply to domestic producers?
b. 优惠措施是否仅针对国内制造商？

（iv）Government procurement

56. Please provide the latest 3 years statistical on the total government procurements nationwide, and the latest 3 years data on the procurements covered by GPA.
请提供最近3年全国政府采购统计数据和执行GPA情况统计数据。

57. Please specify what government procurement policies and measures have been adopted for the purpose to fulfill the social and economic policy objectives.
请提供为实现经济和社会政策目标而采取的具体政府采购政策和措施。

58. With regard to the 1933 Buy American Act, please clarify the followings:
关于1933年《购买美国货法》, 请澄清以下三点：

a. The Act prohibits certain public agencies from purchasing foreign goods and services, requires to set up local-content criteria and to provide preferential price conditions for local suppliers, etc. Please clarify which agencies’ procurement activities are governed by this Act. And please describe the local criteria requirement.
a. 该法禁止一些公共部门从国外采购产品及服务，要求建立本地的特殊标准，并要求为本地的供应商提供优惠的价格条款等。请问哪些部门执行该法，不允许从外国采购？本地标准的内容是什么？

b. What is the criteria for “domestic products”?
b.请问美国产品的标准是什么？

c. What is the 6% price premium over normal foreign products based on when assessing the prices during the procurements?
c. 采购中进行价格评估时，对外国产品加价6%（如是美国中小企或劳动力过剩地区企业的竞争对象则加12%，国防类产品加50%）的要求的依据是什么？

(v)Trade-related intellectual property rights

59. It is said that the U.S. congress is in the process of amending the existing patent law and the amended draft has been passed by the House of Representatives and is currently under reviewing by the Senate.
据悉，目前美国国会正在修订美国现行专利法。众议院已经通过修订法案，参议院正在审议。

a. Please provide information on the state of play with regard to the amended draft and the main amendments to the existing patent law?
请提供修正草案目前的情况和对现有专利法的主要修订内容。

b. Please clarify whether and how all interested parties, including foreign ones such as governments and other entities, have been given ample opportunities to comment on the amendments.
请解释所有的利益相关方，包括外国政府和其他实体，是否和如何得到了充分的机会对修正案发表评论。

c. Please clarify when the process for the amended draft is expected to be completed.
请说明修正过程什么时候结束？

60. (page 74, paragraph 262) The Secretariat Report mentions that, in order to improve patent quality, the USPTO changed its rules in October 2007, which will require applicants to identify more specificity of the claimed inventions to be examined.
根据秘书处报告第三章262段，为提高专利质量，美国专利商标局（USPTO）在2007年10月发布新的规定，要求专利申请人就要求保护的发明提供更多的具体特性。

a. Please provide the details of the changes in the rules.
请具体介绍该规定中修改的内容。

b. Please clarify whether and how all interested parties, including foreign ones such as governments and other entities, were given ample opportunities to comment on the changes.
请解释所有的利益相关方，包括外国政府和其他实体，是否和如何得到了充分的机会对修正案发表评论。

c. Please clarify whether these new rules have been notified to the WTO.
请说明，这些新法规是否已经向WTO通报？

61. In 2007, the decision by the U.S. Supreme Court of Justice regarding the “non-obviousness” examination criteria for patents overthrew the rigid application of “teaching-suggestion-motion test” criteria as previously set by the Federal Circuit Appeals Court.
2007年美国最高法院作出的关于专利非显而易见性判决标准的判决，否定了此前联邦巡回上诉法院确立的教导-启示-动机检验标准的僵化应用。

Please explain what substantial changes have taken place regarding the determination conditions of patent authorization and infringement dispute. And what is the impact of such changes with regard to patent-related issues?
请问美国专利授权和侵权纠纷的认定条件发生了怎样的实质性变化？该变化在专利领域带来了怎样的后果？

62. (page 74, paragraph 262) The Secretariat Report also mentions that the USPTO published Examination Guidelines to help determinations regarding the obviousness of claimed inventions.
根据秘书处报告第三章262段，USPTO发布新的审查指南帮助确定要求保护的发明的显而易见性。

Please clarify what are the changes regarding the USPTO’s criteria on the review and determination for “non-obviousness”.
请问USPTO审查和判断非显而易见性的标准有何变动？

63. Can the works prohibited from circulation, presentation, or exhibition by law be registered for copyright in the U.S.?
请问，在美国对于法律禁止传播的作品能否进行版权登记？

64. What are the considerations of the U.S. for not acceding to the Rome Convention?
请问美国为何没有加入《罗马公约》？

65. Please brief about the Copyright Royalty Judges of 2006. What are the main changes compared to the replaced Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panels?
美国2006年通过的关于版税法官项目法案主要内容是什么？与原先的版税仲裁委员会相比，有哪些变化？

66. Does the U.S. have any recent plan to amend its copyright related legislations?
美国近期在版权立法方面有哪些改进计划？

IV. Trade Policies by Sector
（1） Overview

67. (page 79, paragraph 1) The Secretariat Report states that “the expiration of the 2002 Farm Act, and the current environment of high commodity prices, would offer an opportunity to introduce policy changes”.
秘书处报告第79页第1段提到，“2002年农业法案的到期和目前商品价格的高企，将为修改（相关）政策提供机会”.

a. Does the U.S. government agree with such comment?
a. 美国政府是否同意这一说法？

b. As is known to all, the Congress still wants to keep high level of trade-distorting supports and the new Farm Bill that mandates the expenditure of USD 286 billion in the coming 5 years has been passed by the Congress. What’s the Administration’s view regarding the future subsidy policy and its implications if the veto by the US President is overridden by the Congress?
b. 众所周知，美国国会仍然希望保留扭曲贸易的高水平国内支持，并且通过了新农业法案授权在未来5年内给予2860亿美元的预算。这一做法无疑是对今后ＷＴＯ削减农业补贴谈判的一大障碍。请问美国行政部门／政府对未来补贴政策的看法如何？

（2） Agriculture
（i）Introduction

68. （page 81，paragraph 14-15）The Secretariat Report notes that, according to the OECD’s analysis, the PSE for the United States dropped sharply to US$29.3 billion in 2006 from an average annual amount of US$42.5 billion in 2004-2005, mainly as a result of higher world commodity prices rather than policy changes. However, the Commodity Credit Corporation（CCC）net outlays for 2006 remained at the same high level as in 2004-2005 when commodity prices were low.
秘书处报告第81页第14-15段提到，根据经合组织（OECD）分析，由于农产品价格上涨因素，2006财年与2004-05财年平均水平相比，美国“生产者支持预估”（PSE）对其农产品及生产者的支持从425亿美元大幅下降至293亿美元。但是，美农业部农产品信贷公司（CCC）2006财年的预算净值与前两个财年持平。

Please explain why the net CCC outlay didn’t decrease during the period when the commodity prices went up. Justification with reference to the domestic factual evidence would be highly appreciated.
请解释为什么在农产品价格上涨的形势下，农业部农产品信贷公司（CCC）财年的预算净值没有减少？请美国根据国内实际情况对此予以解释。

69. （page 82，paragraph 16） The Secretariat Report notes that the WTO DSB made a ruling in March 2005 that the export credit guarantee for upland cotton were in nature export subsidies which are prohibited by the WTO because the U.S. didn’t make commitments in its schedule. The U.S. has made certain adjustments for the cotton programme according to the ruling and related requirements, including the elimination of “step 2” payment. However, the WTO compliance panel established at the request of Brazil found that the changes U.S. had made to cotton programmes were insufficient to bring the measures into conformity with WTO rules. In December 2007, WTO established a panel upon the request by Canada and Brazil to examine whether past U.S. domestic support to agriculture had exceeded the applicable WTO ceiling.
秘书处报告第82页第16段提到，WTO争端解决机构于2005年3月裁定美国对高地棉、大豆等减让表外产品实施的出口信用担保属于禁止性出口补贴。美国已根据此裁定和相关要求对棉花支持项目进行了部分调整，包括取消一项棉花支持项目。秘书处报告提到，应巴西要求而成立的ＷＴＯ执行小组认为，美国棉花支持项目调整并没有使其棉花补贴措施完全符合ＷＴＯ规则。２００７年１２月，应加拿大和巴西要求，ＷＴＯ争端解决机构成立专门小组，对美国棉花补贴措施是否完全符合ＷＴＯ规则以及美国农业国内支持水平是否超过WTO的限制进行调查。

a. What specific support measures for upland cotton are currently in place? What is the timetable for further adjustments to the cotton support programmes to make them in full compliance with the WTO rulings?
a.美国现行的对旱地棉花的支持措施有哪些？美国进一步调整棉花支持计划使其完全和WTO规定相一致的时间表是什么？

b. Does the U.S. plan to make any changes to the export credit guarantee programmes for soybean as well? If so, what is the timetable?
b. 美国是否也将对大豆出口信用担保进行调整？如果是，美国时间表是怎样的？
c. What is the U.S. view regarding the claims brought by Canada and Brazil?
c.美国如何看待加拿大和巴西提出的问题？

（ii）Border measures

70. (Page 82, Paragraph 18）The report noted that “the simple average out-of-quota MFN tariff in 2007 was around 42%; the in-quota average was 9.1%”, and added with the following information, “close to 91% of out-of-quota tariffs are non-ad valorem, compared with almost 28% of in-quota tariffs”.
秘书处报告82页18段提到，2007年美国的简单平均配额外MFN税率约为42%，配额内平均税率为9.1%。报告还提到，美国配额外关税近91%为非从价税，而配额内近28%为非从价税。

a. Could the U.S. explain how this calculation is made? Is the methodology applied here the same as that set out in Annex A to the TN/AG/W/3 of 12 July 2006?
a. 请美国说明非从价税的从价税等值的计算方法，并请说明这是否与TN/AG/W/3中规定的AVE的计算方法一致？

b. Generally speaking, the non-ad valorem is more restrictive than the ad valorem tariff, since they usually provide high level of disguised protection. Does the U.S. have any plan to simplify those no-ad valorem tariffs, especially in the context of DDA negotiations?
b. 一般来讲，非从价税构成了高度的隐蔽性的保护，因而比从价关税更加严格。请问美国是否计划在多哈回合谈判中将农产品非从价税全部简化为从价税形式？

71. (Page 82, Paragraph 18）The Secretariat Report notes that the latest U.S. notification on tariff quotas covers 2003.
秘书处报告82页18段，美国对关税配额执行情况的最近通报为2003年。

When does the U.S. plan to make the next notification on tariff quotas?
请问美国准备何时向ＷＴＯ通报近年来关税配额情况？

72. (Page 82, Paragraph 19) The report indicate that MFN TRQ and the FTA TRQ might be provided side-by-side, at least for certain product categories.
秘书处报告第８２页19段意指至少在某些产品上，美国既有ＭＦＮ关税配额，也有ＦＴＡ关税配额。

Could the U.S. provide information on the import volumes under MFN TRQ and the FTA TRQ of these product categories? What are the fill rates of these products in question?
请问美国分别提供关于这些同时适用产品按ＷＴＯ承诺（ＭＦＮ）关税配额下的进口量和ＦＴＡ关税配额下的进口量？二者的完成率各是多少？

73. (Page 82, Paragraph 20) The Secretariat Report highlights that “access to tariff quotas is on a first come, first served basis, except for dairy products and sugar”, and “one or more methods may be used, depending on the particular good”.
秘书处报告第８２页２０段提到，关税配额的发放是采取先到先给的方式，奶制品和糖除外；根据不同的商品可采取一种或几种不同的方式。

a. Why different administrative methods are used for dairy products and sugar?
a. 为何对奶制品和糖采取例外？

b. Why more methods might be used for the so-called “particular good”? Are there any criteria in this regard?
B.为何对“特定产品”可采取多种不同的方式？ 请说明相关标准。

74. (Page 83, Paragraph 24) The Secretariat Report states that “beef, dairy, ethyl alcohol, sugar and sugar-containing products, and tobacco remain subject to high import barriers”, the out-of-quota tariffs of which are higher than 100 per cent, and “the Commission estimates that the removal of barriers on imports of raw and refined sugar would……increase U.S. welfare by US$811 million”.
秘书处报告８３页２４段，美国在烟草、部分奶制品、花生、糖等农产品的配额外关税均超过１００％。国际贸易委员会预计取消原糖和精糖的进口壁垒将给美国增加８.１１亿美元的福利。

Please explain the reason to maintain those high import barriers. Does the U.S. plan to lower or remove those high tariffs so as to increase the consumers’ welfare?
请美国阐述维持这些产品高关税壁垒的理由。美国是否打算降低或取消这些产品的高关税，以增加美国的福利？

（iii）Domestic Programmes

75. (Page 83-84, Paragraph 25-26) The Secretariat Report refers to the questions by other Members regarding the U.S. notification on domestic support, notably the categorization of direct payments as "green box", and of counter-cyclical payments as non-product-specific. Meanwhile, the EC pointed out in its 2007 report on the U.S. Barriers to Trade and Investment that there were wide concerns that such categorization permitted the counter-cyclical payments not to be accounted for in Current AMS, otherwise the U.S. could exceed its WTO limit of USD19.1 billion production-linked support. The U.S. responded that direct payments met green box criteria and that counter-cyclical payments were based on historical acreages and yields, and did not requires specific crops to be grown, therefore were not product-specific.
秘书处报告第83-84页第25、26段，2007年10月，美国向ＷＴＯ提交了其2002－05年间国内支持通报。成员们对美国最新通报中的支持分类提出质疑，包括将直接支付归入绿箱，将反周期支付归入非特定产品综合支持总量。另外，欧盟在《2007年美国贸易壁垒和投资报告》中指出，这种归类方式使得美国反周期支付可以不计入综合支持总量，否则美国的AMS有可能会超过其承诺水平。对此，美国表示，直接支付符合绿箱标准，反周期支付以历史面积和单产为基础，而且对种植品种没有限制，因此前者属于绿箱，后者属于非特定产品综合支持总量。

The arguments of the U.S. run against the findings of the Appellate Body of the U.S.-Cotton case, which upheld the ruling of the Panel that the direct payments are “amber” and the counter-cyclical payments are product-specific.
美国的上述解释与WTO上诉机构在美国棉花案中的结论相冲突，该结论支持专家组关于直接支付是“黄箱”的，反周期支付是特定产品的裁决。

a. Does the U.S. accept such findings? If yes, would the U.S. modify its notification?
a. 美国是否接受上诉机构这一裁决？如果接受，美国是否会修改相关通报内容？

b. How will the U.S. modify the direct payments to ensure the compliance with the green box criteria, including the review and clarifications under the Doha agriculture negotiations?
b.美国如何修改直接支付措施以使其符合绿箱标准，包括与多哈回合农业谈判绿箱标准审议和澄清保持一致？

c. Although the counter-cyclical payments did not require the production of specific crops, they were designed and implemented targeting at certain agricultural products. Please justify why the U.S. categorize counter-cyclical payments as non-product specific AMS? If the counter-cyclical payments is non-product specific, why would the U.S. accept the introduction of product-specific cap on Blue-Box payments?
c. 美国反周期支付尽管对种植品种没有限制，但却是针对不同农产品设计和实施的。美国将其归入非特定产品支持的理由何在？如果反周期支付是非特定产品AMS， 为何美国同意在多哈谈判中对新蓝箱设定对特定产品的支持上限？

（iv）Export subsidies, credit, insurance, and guarantees

76. (Page 84, Paragraph 30) The Report quoted the results of several studies on domestic support, and highlighted that farm programme payments “contain elements that provide incentives for resource use that may be inconsistent with market signals”, “counter-cyclical payments may provide for the reduction of price-related revenue risk, and could also have some influence on production decisions”, and “counter-cyclical payments may distort incentives in some situations but that any such distortions are to a lesser degree than ‘coupled’ payments such as marketing assistance loans”.
秘书处报告第84页30段指出，美国农业部经研究认为市场营销援助贷款起到了刺激生产者生产的作用。同时，反周期支付可以降低与价格相关的收入风险，而且会影响生产决策，但是其存在的扭曲作用要低于市场营销援助贷款等与生产挂钩的支持措施。

a. How does the U.S. determine the target price of counter-cyclical payments and the rates for direct payments?
a. 美国反周期支付的目标价格和直接支付率是如何确定的？

b. What are the differences between the legislated rates of payments and the actual rates of payments for major products, such as corn, cotton, wheat, rice and soybean, during the period from 2002 to 2007?
b. 2002-2007年度主要产品反周期支付的实际支出与法定最高限额的差距有多大？

77. (Page 87, Paragraph 42) Please explain in detail the rules for implementation of the Facility Guarantee Programme (FGP).
秘书处报告第87页42段，请详细介绍美国设施信贷项目（FGP）的实施细则。

85. (Page 88, Paragraph 43) The Report states that “under GSM-102, the CCC is authorized to guarantee the repayment of credit made available to finance U.S. exports of agricultural goods on credit terms of up to three years”, and “the CCC generally guarantees 98% of the principal and a portion of the interest”.
秘书处报告第88页43段指出, 根据出口信贷担保项目（GSM-102）, CCC 被授权对用于美国农产品出口融资的3年内的信贷的偿还提供担保，并且CCC对98%的本金和部分利率提供担保。

a. Please provide the information on the repayment terms of the credits, preferably on product-by-product and country-by-country basis.
a. 请提供给予出口信贷的条件（按照国别、产品）。

B. Please indicate the exact proportion of the interest provided by the CCC.
b. 利率中多大比例是由CCC支持的？

78. Please provide information on the implementation of counter-cyclical payments in recent years, notably, the payment for products including corn, soybean, cotton and rice, on a product-by-product basis.
请提供近几年反周期支付补贴的具体实施情况，特别是对玉米、大豆、棉花、水稻等具体产品的补贴金额。

79. Please provide information on the implementation of specific support measures for soybean.
请提供近几年对大豆的具体支持措施实施情况。

（v） Food labeling

80. The U.S. is among the countries that have most strict requirements on food labeling. There currently exist as many as 22 different food labels, and revision and supplementation takes place every year. The U.S. requires that all the packaged food must attach food labels. For fortified food products, nutrition labels are required in addition, which need to describe the content of at least 14 kinds of nutrients. Such requirements create large extra load to the exporting manufactures.
美国是世界上食品标签要求最严格的国家之一，食品标签多达22种，且逐年修订补充。美国要求所有包装食品应有食品标签，强化食品还要有营养标签，必须标明至少14种营养成分的含量，大大增加了出口企业的成本。

Does the U.S. have any plan to modify its food labeling mechanism for the consideration of alleviating exporters’ burden?
美国是否准备改进其食品标签制度，以减轻出口企业负担？

（3） Mining and Energy

81. It is reported that the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is regulating on the operating prices and service terms of around 130 interstate natural gas pipelines, around 1000 electricity suppliers and 174 high voltage power transmission companies. Please clarify the specifics.
据了解，美联邦能源管制委员会目前对大约130条州际天然气管线和约1000家售电商、174家高压输电公司的运营价格及服务条款进行管制，请美方对此予以澄清。

82. The Secretariat Report notes that the Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires a doubling of bio-fuel use. And the federal policy encourages bio-fuel production and use through tax incentive programme which cost in forgone tax revenue was US$2.7billion in 2006. 秘书处报告称，“《2005年能源政策法》使生物能源的使用增加一倍”；“联邦政策在2006年利用价值在27亿美元的税收优惠项目鼓励生物能源的生产和使用。　


a. What is the U.S. point of view regarding the interlinkage between such kind of bio-energy policies and the worldwide food price hike?
美国对生物能源政策与世界粮价上涨的关系如何看待？

b. The world is faced with a situation where food prices continue to go up and poverty population is confronted with food security crisis. In these circumstances does the U.S. have any plan to adjust its bio-energy policy?
在世界粮食价格居高不下、贫困人口面临粮食安全危机的形势下，美国是否考虑调整其生物能源政策？

（5） Services

83. Please provide the information on balance of payment of U.S. services trade.
请提供美国服务贸易收支的总体情况。

84. Please provide specific information on U.S. services trade with WTO developing Members, including sectoral and Member-specific breakdowns. Please list the major imports and exports of services (by sectors and trade value) and main destinations of U.S. service trade surplus.
请提供美国对发展中国家的服务贸易的具体信息，包括：产业部门和国别分类. 请列出过去三年内美国主要进口及出口（部门和贸易金额），以及主要的美国服务贸易顺差目的地。

(ii) Telecommunications and related services

85. Page 99 paragraph 96 mentions “public interest analysis” conducted to entities from WTO members of common carrier wireless licenses.
第99页96段提到“公共利益分析”，。

Please describe how “public interest analysis” is carried out.
请具体描述如何进行“公共利益分析”

86. For a long time, U.S. has cited national security reasons for prohibiting China for providing commercial satellite lunching services to U.S. satellites or satellites made in U.S. for other countries, while allowing other countries to provide such services to U.S. customers. China’s view is that commercial satellite lunching services is a commercial activity that poses no threat to the national security, and China has a significant commercial interest in the fast growing commercial satellite lunching service market.
美国一直以来以国家安全为由不允许中国发射美国或美国为其他国家制造的商业卫星，而却允许其他国家向美国提供商业卫星发射服务。我们认为，正常的商业和贸易往来有助于两国国民和企业的利益，美国限制卫星运往中国发射的做法是不合理的。请美国解释（JUSTIFY）这种做法和相关考虑。

Please explain, so far, which countries’ commercial satellite lunching services have been used by U.S.? To which countries has U.S. provided commercial satellite lunching services?
请解释，迄今为止，美国使用过哪些国家的火箭发射过商业卫星？在美国境内为哪些国家提供了商业卫星发射服务？

87. Page 102 paragraph 106 states that in order to promote competition, diversity and localism in media productions, the U.S. maintains several media ownership restrictions.
第102页106段提到为了促进媒体行业的竞争、多样性和本地主义，美国对媒体所有权进行了部分限制。

a. Please describe the U.S. approach to achieve diversity and localism at the same time?
a. 请解释美国政府如何同时实现“多样性”和“本地主义”？

b. Please explain in detail the radio/television cross-ownership rule and the rationale behind it.
b. 请具体解释说明“电台/电视交叉所有制原则”并说明该规则的合理性。

c. Please explain the reason why the newspaper/broadcast cross-ownership rule bans a company from owning a daily newspaper and a broadcast station in the same market.
c. 为何“报纸/广播交叉所有制原则”禁止企业在同一市场内同时经营日报和广播站业务？

88. The United States maintains ownership restrictions on foreign companies supplying common carrier radio services. A license will not be granted to or held by (a) foreign government or the representative thereof or (b) U.S. corporation of which more than 20% of the capital stock is owned or voted by a foreign government or its representative or a corporation not organized under the laws of the United States.
美国对提供无线公用载波服务的外国公司实行所有权限制。许可不会授予(a)外国政府及其代表(b)被外国政府或其代表拥有资本股份20%以上的美国公司或不是美国法律下注册的公司。
Could the United States clarify what “foreign government or the representative thereof means”? Does the United States have any plan to remove this restriction as well as the 20% ownership restriction?
请解释，“外国政府或其代表”是什么意思？美国是否有计划取消类似20%所有权等的限制？

（iii）Financial services

89. The U.S. regulatory regime offers national treatment to foreign banks. However, in some key business aspects, restrictions are maintained that discriminates against foreign service suppliers. For example, foreign banking institutions are prohibited from participating in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and engaging in the retail banking services. These measures affected operations of foreign banking institutions in the U.S.
美国监管法规对外资银行实行国民待遇，但在某些主要方面却加严限制并实行差别待遇，比如禁止外资银行分行参加联邦保险存款（FDIC），不允许其从事零售银行服务。这些措施影响了中国银行机构在美设立分支机构并开展业务。

a. Please justify these restrictive measures and explain the policy considerations.
请解释此类限制措施的合理性，并解释这些政策的考虑？

b. Please indicate whether there are plans to remove these restrictions.
请说明美国是否有取消此类限制措施的计划？

90. (page xi, paragraph 26) The Secretariat Report notes that given the implications of the sub-prime crisis, the U.S. regulator is considering to change existing regulations and strengthen supervision.
秘书处报告第xi页指出，受次贷危机影响，美国监管机构正考虑对现行监督办法进行修改并强化监管。

a. How will the sub-prime crisis affect the establishment of subsidiaries or acquisition transactions of foreign banks in the U.S. market?
请问次贷危机对外资银行在美收购或设立银行机构会有什么影响？

b. Will the U.S. authorities change their attitude towards the entry of foreign banks after the sub-prime crisis?
美国监管当局对外资银行进入美国的态度会因次贷危机产生什么变化？

c. Will the regulatory changes impose limitations on the establishment or acquisition activities of foreign banks in the U.S.? Will these changes make such establishment or acquisition harder than before?
对现行监管办法的修改是否会限制或增加外资银行在美收购或设立机构的难度？

91. (page 104, paragraph 114) The Secretariat Report describes the general information on foreign banks in the U.S. as of end-June 2007, including the number of institutions and their total consolidated assets.
秘书处报告第104页114段介绍了截至2007年6月底在美外资银行的总体情况，包括机构数量、资产总额等。

a. Please provide information on the applications for establishment of foreign bank subsidiaries and branches in the U.S. in the last 2 years, including: a) how many have been approved; b) how many are in the review process; c) how many have been rejected, and the detailed reasons; and d) which countries did these banks belong to.
请美国提供近两年来外资银行在美申设机构经营网点（包括子银行和分行）的情况，包括批准多少家、拒批多少家、待批多少家，拒批的理由，分别是哪些国家的银行等。

b. Please provide information on approval of inter-state acquisitions or de novo establishments by the existing foreign banking institutions in the U.S in the latest 2 years.
另外，请再介绍一下，在美已有机构的外资银行近两年跨州收购或增设机构的批准情况。

92. (page 108, paragraph 130) The Secretariat Report notes that the RNIBBA of 1994 allows interstate branching by merger or de novo establishment of branches. However, there are special limitations and certain states have different policies.
秘书处报告第108页130条，根据1994年RNIBBA法案，跨州收购或新设机构是允许的，但有特别限制，且有部分州的政策不一。
a. Could the U.S. explicate in greater details what the requirements for interstate expansion by a foreign bank are, and what the specific criteria for approval are?
请美国对这方面的规定作一个详细的介绍：说明在美外资银行跨州设立机构的要求和具体审批标准。

b. For foreign banks that have established subsidiaries or branches in the U.S. market, are there any restrictions with regard to exclusive provisions, merger conditions, and quantitative limitations, etc. on their new mergers or de novo establishment of branches in the U.S.? Please explicate the details.
在美国已设立机构的外资银行在美进一步收购或增设机构，是否有排他性条款、收购条件和机构数量等方面限制，具体规定如何？


93. (page 108, paragraph 130-132) The Secretariat Report mentions that there are strict limitations on the merger, acquisition or control of a U.S. bank by foreign banks.
秘书处报告第108页第130-132段提到，外国银行收购、兼并或控股美国银行也存在严格限制。

Please explicate the specific restrictive measures on the foreign control of a U.S. bank and the criteria for approval. Please justify their consistency with U.S. commitments under the WTO.
请美方明确外资银行控股美国银行的具体限制措施和具体审批标准。并请说明与美国WTO承诺的一致性。

94. Please clarify the supervision criteria for the existing branches of Chinese banks in the U.S., and whether the Chinese branches are subject to the same requirements as the U.S. local banks.
请美方明确对中资银行在美国已设立分行的具体监管标准，并说明其要求是否与美国当地银行一致.

95. The U.S. has some limitations and requirements with regard to board members of the subsidiaries of Chinese banks in the U.S.
美国对中资银行在美国设立子银行的董事会成员有一定限制和要求，

Does the U.S. have any plan to ease the limitations in this regard in the future? 今后是否可能放松这方面的限制？

96. Please explain requirements and procedures of review with respect to foreign sovereign funds’ investment in U.S. market, as well as the policy objectives of the U.S in this regard. What measures have been taken to ensure WTO transparency obligations are met?
请详细介绍美国对于外国主权投资基金在美国投资的审查标准和程序，以及相关的政策目标？美国采取了哪些措施保证履行这一领域的透明性义务？

97. In March 2008, U.S. Treasury has put forward plans for the reform of the financial regulatory regime.
美国财政部3月底提出监管机构的改革方案，
Please explain the content of the reform, current progress and the expected final results of the reform.
请介绍改革方案的主要内容、进展和前景展望。

98. In the recent crisis in the U.S. financial market, the credit rating institutions were widely criticized. The problem of potential conflicts of interests, such as between credit rating businesses and consulting businesses, has surfaced in the crisis.
在近期金融市场危机中，信用评级机构的作用受到广泛批评，其业务模式中的潜在利益冲突受到关注，比如咨询业务和信用评级业务的潜在利益冲突。
Please comment on this problem and explain whether there are plans to enhance U.S. administration on the credit rating institutions.
美方对此有何评价？是否有加强国内信用评级机构监管的具体计划？

99. Please explain the regulatory requirements that have to be met for establishing a securities services institution and the procedures for application.
请说明外国服务提供者在美国设立证券服务机构，需要满足的监管要求和审批程序。

（iv）Air transport services

100. (page 116, paragraph 167) Is there any plan to ease the foreign ownership limitations in the U.S. airlines in the near future?
外国购买美国航空公司的股权比例近期是否有望进一步放松?

101. （page 116, paragraph 168）Under the code-sharing programme between a foreign air carrier and a U.S. carrier, is the foreign carrier allowed to put the code on the U.S. carrier’s domestic routes to/from the U.S. airports that are not open for international airlines? What are the considerations to grant approval?
外国空运企业与美国空运企业进行代号共享合作时,外国空运企业可否将代号挂在不对国际航班开放机场的美国国内航段上?在审批时有何考虑?

102. (page 117, paragraph 173) When will the second-stage U.S.-EU Air Transport Agreement negotiation start? Please explain that in such context, whether a further liberalized bilateral agreement will affect fair competition from a third party?
美国与欧盟第二阶段会谈何时开始?双方进一步开放的协议是否会影响第三方的公平竞争?

103. Please explain what are the laws/regulations and procedures that the DOT refer to when allocating routes and flight schedules， i.e. what is the legal basis of “route case” and how it is implemented.
美国运输部在航线、航班分配时所依据的法律、法规及程序安排， 即“route case”的做法和法律依据是什么？

104. How does the U.S. address the issue of antitrust and prevent unfair competition in regulating the air transport market?
美国空运市场的监管中如何体现反垄断和反不正当竞争？


（v）Maritime transport

105. Liberalization of maritime transportation is the most effective way to lower the cost of international trade and increase efficiency. As the world’s largest trading nation and one of the largest maritime service suppliers, U.S. has shown reluctance in making commitments regarding maritime services in the Doha Round despite continued efforts from other Members, which undoubtedly causes negative impact on the negotiations of both this sector and the whole services negotiations as well. U.S. also maintains a number of discriminatory restrictions in maritime transportation services, in particular, regarding controlled carrier and port investment.
海运自由化是降低交易成本，提高贸易效率的最有力的手段之一，也是海运业发展趋势。作为世界最大的贸易国和最大的海运服务提供商之一，美国在多哈回合谈判中在海运服务的承诺上犹豫不前，这毫无疑问地给这一产业和整个服务行业的谈判带来负面影响。美国在还是运输服务领域还存在很多歧视性限制，特别是在受控承运人和港口投资方面。

a. Please indicate if the U.S. is prepared to make efforts to address the concerns of other WTO Members about U.S. commitments on maritime services.
请说明，美国是否准备就打消其他成员关于其海运服务的承诺的关注作出努力？

b. Please justify the restrictions on the controlled carrier. Considering the fact that the majority of Chinese carriers deemed by the U.S. as “controlled carriers” areas the matter of fact fully market-oriented and self-accountable businesses, does U.S. have plans to remove the restrictions on these carriers?
请说明对受控承运人的限制的合理性。考虑到中国的大部分被美国视为受控承运人的承运人事实上是完全市场导向的和自我审计的商业实体，美国有否计划取消对这些承运人的限制？

c. Please explain reasons for restricting foreign investment, including investment from China, in the U.S. ports. Are there any plans to remove these restrictions?
请解释限制外商投资的原因，包括中国对美国港口的投资。美国有否计划取消这些限制？

106. With respect to oil pollution and environmental protection, each state of the United States enforces standards higher than specified in the relevant international conventions approved by the United States. Vessel owners have to enter into extra arrangements with the concerned state relating to vessel apparatus and responsibility guarantee, which places a significant burden on vessel owners.
关于石油污染和环境保护，美国的每个州都适用了比美国政府认可的相关国际公约更加严格的标准。船舶拥有者必须符合相关州关于船舶设备和保障责任的额外规定，这给船舶拥有者带来了明显的负担。

Does the U.S. have any plan to unify those standards mentioned above so as to facilitate the provision of maritime transport services in the U.S.?
美国有否计划统一上述不同标准以便利提供海事运输服务？

107. The Merchant Marine Act, 1920 sets limitations on foreign vessels’ engagement in transport business in near ocean and within the U.S. and transport of projects whose expenses are born by the Federal Government must be carried by American vessels.
美国1920商船法，对外国船舶在美国境内和近海从事运输进行限制。而且规定，联邦政府消费的运输计划必须由美国船只运输。

Has the United States ever considered relaxing such limitations so as to achieve greater economic efficiency through increasing competition in the U.S. market since last review?
自从上次审议以来，美国有否考虑过放松这些限制以便通过增加美国市场的竞争带来更大的经济效率？

108. Protection of transport along the coast of the U.S. under Jones Act affects reallocation of empty containers of foreign vessel companies. These stipulations under Jones Act have put extra burdens on foreign maritime companies, putting them at a disadvantage in their competition with the U.S. domestic companies.
约翰法案下的对沿美国海岸的运输保护影响了外国船运公司的空船再配置。约翰法案的这些条款给外国海运公司增加了负担，把他们置于同美国国内企业竞争的劣势地位。

Has the U.S. ever considered removing those limitations since last review?
上次审议以来，美国有否考虑过取消这些限制？

109. The U.S. always rejects other Members to revise their legislations in case they constitute barriers for trade of export interest to the U.S. while the U.S. always takes its own legislations of similar nature as an excuse for obstructing trade of export interest to other Members with the destination in the U.S.
如果其他成员的立法对美国的出口利益造成贸易障碍，美国总是敦促这些国家去修改立法。而美国却已同样的立法为借口来阻碍其他成员对美的出口利益。

Could the U.S. explain the logic of this attitude of theirs and inform Members that this will be changed soon?
请美国解释他们的态度的逻辑，并告知其他成员即将做出改变？
（vi）Professional and business services

110. (Page 122, paragraph 194) The Secretariat Report mentions that the U.S. still lacks a national regulatory regime regarding professional and business services, and standards still vary from state to state, which results in de-facto barrier to trade in services.
秘书处报告第122页194段提到，在专业和商业服务方面美国尚缺少统一的管理体制，各州标准不一，实际上形成了对服务贸易的壁垒。
Why is there little progress made in pushing forward a unified standard nationwide? Does the U.S. have a specific timetable for eliminating this trade barrier?
请问，美国政府在推行联邦统一管理方面为何进展缓慢？请美国政府提供统一管理体系的确切时间表。

111. Please provide information on legislations pertaining to the administration of foreign invested accounting and auditing business. Which government agencies are in charge of accounting/auditing sector?
请提供关于会计和审计的立法。美国哪部门负责对会计和审计的监管？

112. Apart from the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), which government agencies are also entitled to review the working paper of the accounting firms that provide services for the public listed companies? Which of these are the most important agencies?
除美国公众公司会计监管委员会（PCAOB）外，还有哪些政府部门可以检查从事公众公司业务的会计师事务所的工作底稿？其中重要的是哪一部门？

113. Please provide the criteria for the market access of the corporate accountants, auditors and accounting firms. Are there any restrictions on the foreign service- providers (including professionals of other Members’ corporations and accounting firms, as well as professionals for establishing an accounting firm in U.S.)?
请提供企业会计人员、审计师和会计师事务所准入的条件。 对外国服务提供者（包括在成员国企业、会计师事务所工作的人员及设立会计师事务所的人员）是否有限制、有何限制？

114. Are there any restrictions on the U.S. service providers (including agencies and individuals) to provide services across states? Are there any restrictions which may include restrictions on the scope of business on foreign service-suppliers to supply services across states?
美国会计服务提供者（包括机构和个人）跨州提供服务是否有限制？对外国服务提供者跨州提供服务是否有限制？对外国服务者跨州提供服务的业务范围是否有限制？

115. Please provide information on the mutual recognition of qualifications between U.S. and other countries on accounting/auditing services.
请提供美国与其他国家在会计服务方面进行资格互认的情况。

116. Please provide information on the number of registered U.S. auditors and the number of domestic/foreign accounting firms.
请给出审计师、内资和外资会计师事务所的数量。

117. What are the agencies responsible for the establishment and implementation of the accounting and auditing standards? How the CPA examinations are implemented and are there plans to reform the system?
美国会计、审计准则的制订机构有哪些？会计师考试制度安排如何？是否有计划对此进行改革？

118. Apart from the accounting firms, which other service sectors are also subject to overseas due diligence? How are the investigations conducted?
除会计师事务所外，美国是否还对其他行业的外国服务提供者进行境外监督检查？这些行业有哪些？开展检查的情况如何？

119. According to the estimate of the American College of Physicians, currently there’s a shortage of 126,000 nurses in U.S. The national average vacancy rate for the nursing jobs is 9%, and reaches as high as 40% in some hospitals. According to the estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, by 2012, as many as one million nursing positions in U.S. will need to be filled. The lack of nurses and paramedical personnel has greatly affected on the welfare of U.S. consumers and patients.
据美国医师协会估计，目前全美缺少护士12.6万人，全国护士职位额的平均空缺率高达9%，一些医院甚至达到40%。据美国劳动统计局预测，到2012年，美国需要填补的空缺护士职位将达到100万个。护士和护理人员的紧缺使得美国的消费者和患者的福利收到很大影响。

Please explain, with such great shortage of nurses and taking into account that U.S. allows foreign nurses to provide services through immigration, why not allow nursing services to be provided through CSS and IP on a short term basis?
请美国解释，在存在如此之大市场需求的情况下，既然允许移民类的护士到美国提供服务，为何不允许短期的合同服务提供者和独立专业人员进入美国提供护士服务？

120. It is a common complaint from Chinese industries that U.S. visa requirements and procedures are excessively burdensome. To obtain a U.S. visa, an applicant not only has to submit complicated application forms, but also has to undergo background investigation, onsite interviews and leave fingerprints. These requirements impose great difficulties on the movement of natural persons as well as trade and investment.
中国业界普遍抱怨，赴美签证要求和手续过于繁琐。申请者不仅要提交复杂的申请表格，而且还要经历背景调查、面谈和指纹等。这些要求对人员赴美工作和企业在美投资与贸易造成了很大不便。
Please explain what measures has the U.S. been taken to ensure a balance between ensuring national security and facilitating movement of natural persons. Are there any plans to streamline procedures and requirements for H1-B visa?
请问美国如何在保护国家安全和便利服务贸易的跨境提供者入境之间寻求平衡，早日采取措施简化或优化商务签证和船员签证等手续？

121．Almost all states require architects and engineers register or obtain a license, but different states apply different standards and requirements with respect to registration/licensing, and state registrations/licenses are only effective within the territory of the state. The system imposes great difficulties on the free movement of the architects and engineers between states, and is a substantial barrier for foreign service-suppliers.
美国几乎所有的州都要求建筑师（architects）和工程师(engineers)获得许可或进行登记，但各州注册委员会的标准各不相同。各州之间注册人员不能直接流动，获得的注册资格也仅对该州有效。在这种体制下，外国建筑师或工程师在美国从业遇到了实质性的障碍。

a. Please explain whether the requirements and procedures for registration and licensing of architects and engineers are identical across all states. If not, please specify the differences. Please also explain policy objectives leading to these differences.
a. 各州对本州建筑师和工程师的许可或登记要求与对外州建筑师和工程师的许可或登记要求（包括实质性要求和程序性要求）是否完全一致？请解释这造成这些不同的政策目标。

b. With respect to the architects and engineers from the developing countries, please explain whether work experiences in their home countries (regions) are recognized by US. If yes, are there any conditions attached?
对于从发展中国家来的建筑是和工程师，请解释其母国(地区)的从业经验是否被认可? 如果是，有什么补充条件吗？

c. Does the U.S. federal government or the relevant associations have plans to harmonize the standards for registration/licensing of these professionals? If yes, is there a specific timetable? If no, please explain the policy considerations.
美国联邦政府或相关机构是否有计划协调各州关于建筑师、工程师等专业人员的许可或者注册标准？如果是，有没有具体时间表？如果不是，解释这样规定的政策考虑是什么？

d. Please explain whether identical standards and procedures are applied in assessing the qualifications of foreign architects and engineers in awarding registration/license to the domestic professionals? If not, please explain the details of the differences and policy objectives behind these differences.
请澄清评估外国建筑师和工程师的资质和为本国专业人员授权注册许可时是否在采用一致的标准和程序？如果不是，请解释具体的不同以及这样规定的政策考虑。

e. Please explain whether there are any restrictions on the business scope of the foreign architects and engineers. If yes, please specify the exact measures and policy considerations.
请澄清对于外国建筑师、工程师师可以开展的业务有无任何限制？如果有，请具体解释每项限制及政策考虑。

f. Please specify which single enquiry point is designated by U.S. to implement the WTO transparency obligation with respect to registration/licensing of the architect and engineers.
各州对于外国建筑师、设计师可以开展的业务有无任何限制？如果有，请解释每项限制的具体原因。

g. U.S. schedule of specific commitments states that “Two-thirds of the officers, partners, and/or directors of an architectural firm in Michigan must be licensed in Michigan as architects, professional engineers and/or land surveyors”. This restriction practically bans business of foreign architectural firms. Does U.S. have plans to remove this MA restriction? If yes, please specify the timetable. If no, please explain the legal/practical difficulties.
美国的具体承诺时间表指出：“密执安州的建筑设计公司的三分之二的高级职员、合伙人或董事必须是密执安州注册的建筑设计师、专业工程师或土地测绘师”这项要求完全限制了外国建筑设计公司在密执安州的业务活动，请问美国是否有意取消该市场准入限制？如果是，请介绍具体时间表。如果不是，请解释原因。

h. 12 states of U.S. have made reservations on the national treatment in mode 4 for engineering/integrated engineering service. Please indicate whether U.S. has plans to remove these restrictions. If no, please explain the legal/practical difficulties.
关于工程服务、集中工程服务的模式4，美国在12个州没有提供国民待遇。请问美国何时取消这12个州的国民待遇限制，让外国服务提供者可以公平参加竞争？如果没有，请解释原因。

i. Please explain the current visa type/requirement for foreign architects and engineers. Is U.S. considering removing visa quota for mode 4 for these professionals, or streamlining visa requirements/procedures? If yes, please specify the timetable. If no, please explain the legal/practical difficulties.
请美国介绍其对建筑师、设计师、专业技术人员的最新签证类别和要求。美国是否考虑取消对上述服务提供者的签证配额限制，简化对上述服务提供者的签证限制？如果是，请介绍时间表。如果不是，请解释原因。

Postal Services邮政服务

122. Current U.S. WTO commitment only covers road-based courier service.
美国现行WTO承诺仅开放路基速递服务。

a. Please explain whether U.S. allows foreign express delivery companies to establish airfreight centers in U.S. and provide domestic/international air express delivery service.
请问美国目前是否已允许外资快递公司在美设立航空转运中心，提供国内、国际航空快递服务？

b. Please list the laws and regulations governing express delivery. Are there provisions governing express delivery in the Federal Aviation Law?
请列举管理快递业务的法律和法规。美国航空法是否有与管理快递服务的规定？

c. If a foreign service-supplier wishes to provide express delivery service across states, does it have to obtain license(s) for the establishment of branch(es) or office(s)? If a license is required, what is the scope of coverage of the license (national/state)?
c. 提供跨州速递服务的外资快递公司在美国设立办事处或子公司是否需要办理相关许可证？如果获得许可，学科所涵盖的业务范围是什么？

d. Please provide information on the foreign commercial presence in the U.S. express delivery market.
请提供目前在美从事快递服务的外资商业存在的情况。

123. In the Doha Round, U.S. has excluded universal service from the commitments on the postal services. However, the U.S. postal law does not have a clear definition on the universal service.
多哈回合谈判中，美国将邮政普遍服务排除在其邮政服务承诺外，但美国邮政法对普遍服务没有明确定义。
Please clarify the exact definition, business type and scope of coverage of universal service.
希望美方澄清“邮政普遍服务”的具体定义、业务形式和范围。

Transparency---Notification of measures of general application affecting trade in services

124. China notes that the United States has not made any notifications to the Council for Trade in Services under Article III of the GATS since 2002. Article III provides that “Each Member shall promptly and at least annually inform the Council for Trade in Services of the introduction of any new, or any changes to existing laws, regulations or administrative guidelines which significantly affect trade in services covered by its specific commitments under this Agreement”.
中国注意到，自从2002年以来美国没有在总协定Article III下向服务贸易理事会提供任何通报。Article III规定每个成员都应主动的至少每年就显著影响其协议承诺的服务贸易的任何新法律、法规和规章，现行法律、法规和规章的修改向服务贸易理事会做出通报。

Could the United States confirm that no new laws, regulations or administrative guidelines or changes to exiting laws, regulations or administrative guidelines which significantly affect trade in services covered by its specific commitments under this Agreement have been introduced since 2002?
请澄清美国是否自2002年以来没有这样的显著影响其协议承诺的服务贸易的的新法律、法规和规章，或者现行法律、法规和规章的改变。

Transparency—public involvement in the drafting process

125. Could the United States explain what mechanisms are used to disseminate draft proposed laws and regulations for consultation with interested parties, including prospective foreign services suppliers?
请美国解释在就法律和法规草案咨询相关利益方，包括外国服务提供者，方面有什么样的机制？


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