World Trade Organization |
RESTRICTED |
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WT/TPR/G/190/GRD | |
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(07-4006) |
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Trade Policy Review Body |
Original: English |
TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by Grenada |
Pursuant to the Agreement Establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the |
Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the first session of the meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body on Grenada.
CONTENTS
Page
I. introduction 5
II. Macro-economic Environment and Trade PERFORMANCE 5
III. Government Economic Reforms Programmes 2006-2008 9
IV. Trade Policy and institutional framework 11
V. CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY, BILATERAL AND PREFERENTIAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTS 12
VI. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 13
VII. Technical Assistance 17
I. introduction
1. The state of
2.
3. Two hurricanes in the space of 10 months, as well as recent and emerging global phenomena, have contributed to defining
4. As a Small Island Developing country,
II. Macro-economic Environment and Trade PERFORMANCE
(i) Macro-economic Performance
5. The domestic economy in 2006 was influenced primarily by developments in the major industrial economies to which
· An increase in global output by 5.1 per cent, and
· Relatively high rates of inflation, fuelled mainly by the high price of oil particularly during the earlier part of the year.
6.
7. Agriculture had been in decline before the passing of Hurricanes Ivan and Emily despite showing good growth in 2002. Agricultural output declined by 7.33 per cent in 2004 and significantly more (38 per cent) in 2005. The tourist sector, whose positive contribution in 2003 turned negative in 2004, showed a significant decline of 42.5 per cent in 2005, as most accommodation establishments remained inoperative until the winter season of 2005. In the case of manufacturing, the sector, which had been in decline from 2001 to 2003, experienced a further decline in 2004.
8. The economy is estimated to have rebounded with a growth rate of 12.9 per cent in 2005, mainly as a result of the extensive rehabilitation and reconstruction programmes necessitated by the hurricanes. As might be expected, the construction sector was the main contributor, with an estimated 91 per cent increase in output in 2005. In keeping with the increased construction activity, the retail and wholesale sector also showed appreciable growth. The manufacturing sector also grew by 18.8 per cent reflecting the increased demand for chemicals and paints for use in the reconstruction programme. Preliminary data show that in 2006, the economy of
9. The Hotels and Restaurant sector, a proxy for the tourism industry, grew by 65.0 per cent as most of
10. An examination of the public finances indicates that
11. The General Consumption Tax on imports is the highest single component of Government revenue, contributing 27 – 29 per cent of revenues. Import duties accounted for 11 per cent of revenue in 2001 and 2002, and an estimated 13 per cent in 2003. On the whole, taxes on international trade and transactions contribute 49 – 54 per cent of current revenue. Corporate taxes account for 10% of revenue, while personal income tax accounts for 3.2%. The General Consumption Tax on domestic goods contributes approximately 9% to total revenues.
12. Unemployment was estimated at 18.5% in 2005, having reached as high as 40% in the aftermath of hurricane Ivan. The reduction in the rate can be explained by the significant increase in demand for construction workers to the extent that workers were imported from the Region to satisfy demand.
13. Total Central Government debt at
(ii) Trade and Sectoral Performance
14.
15. In determining the economy’s internal dynamic, it is necessary to focus on the factors underlying the current account. It will be observed that the value of domestic exports has been in decline in the pre-hurricane period, during the years 2001 to 2003. Agricultural exports declined from a value of EC$54.5 million in 2001 to EC$46.3 million in 2003. Similarly, manufacturing exports indicated a significant decrease in value from EC$93.8 million in 2001 to EC$33.9 million in 2003.
16. Needless to say, the hurricanes have adversely affected
TOURISM
17. The Hotel & Restaurant sector contracted in 2005. Growth was estimated at negative 42.5% compared to a negative growth of 13.1% obtained in 2004. Stay-over visitors decreased by 26.6%, from a level of 133,865 in 2004 to 98,244 in 2005. The number of cruise ship calls increased from 249 in 2004 to 257 in 2005, reflecting an increase of 19.7% in cruise passengers from 229,800 in 2004 to 275,080 in 2005.
CONSTRUCTION
18. The construction sector was the fastest growing sector in the aftermath of Hurricane Ivan. Growth in 2005 was estimated at 91.0%. Retail sales of building materials increased significantly by 114.1%. Demand for cement and other materials remained strong, indicating that this sector would continue on its strong growth path in 2006 and 2007.
MANUFACTURING
19. The manufacturing sector consists of a variety of products, namely wheat flour, beer and brewery products, bottled water, clothing, paints and chemicals. While small, the sector has contributed to the diversification of the economy. However, it has been in decline and faces strong competition with the advent of the CSME and in particular from neighbouring
20. Output in the Manufacturing sector was driven by significant increases in the production of chemical and paints of 81.6% in response to the construction boom. The value of output for the other industries showed positive growth reflecting the fact that the economy is on a growth recovery path. This sector grew by 18.8% in real terms in 2005.
21. The manufacturing sector in
22. The National Export Strategy developed by the Government is aimed at facilitating international competitiveness and enhancing productivity and output in the manufacturing sector.
AGRICULTURE
23. The Agricultural sector has been an important contributor to the Grenadian economy in terms of its contribution to Gross Domestic Product (8.7% in 2004), employment, income and foreign exchange earnings. The sub-sector components indicate that nutmeg made up 59% of agricultural exports in 2003, cocoa (7%), mace (7%) and fish (25%). Agricultural exports have shown a decline in value over the period 2001 to 2005, thus contributing to the declining balance of trade over the same period. Both price and quantity have shown some volatility over the period 1998 to 2005.
24. Given the importance of Agriculture to the economy, Government policies in the agricultural sector are aimed at improving productivity, efficiency and product quality. The Government will concentrate on increasing production and value-added in the sector and ensuring rural development and food security.
25. Following the severe devastation of the sector by Hurricanes Ivan and Emily in 2004 and 2005 respectively, the Government of Grenada agreed to an agricultural sector strategy and policy document titled ‘Modernizing Agriculture in Grenada: A National Policy and Strategy’. The policy document highlights the need to provide an enabling environment that enhances commercial viability, facilitate private sector investment and enhance the commercial perspective throughout the sector. Given the major focus of rehabilitating the sector, the Government in its 2007 Budget, allocated 14.3 per cent of the Capital Investment portfolio to the agricultural sector. The nutmeg, cocoa and food crops sub-sectors remain important pillars of the agricultural sector in
III. Government Economic Reforms Programmes 2006-2008
26. The Government of Grenada has undertaken a reform programme for the period 2006-2008 entitled – “Enhancing Growth, Poverty Alleviation and Macroeconomic Stability”. The main goals of the program are to: promote sustained high economic growth by improving the climate for private investment; restore fiscal and debt sustainability through fiscal consolidation and reform; reduce vulnerabilities by safeguarding the soundness of the financial system; and reduce poverty through more effective social development programmes and safety nets.
27. In order to achieve the above goals, the Government of Grenada will, during the period 2006-2008, undertake the following reforms:
· Debt Restructuring: The Government has already undertaken and was successful in its debt restructuring involving its commercial creditors. This debt restructuring exercise was concluded on
· Investment Promotion: Steps will be taken to ensure that Grenada Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC), our investment promotion agency, plays a more prominent and proactive role in promoting the country as an attractive investment destination. Higher private investment is critical to sustaining growth beyond 2007. The Government is in the process of preparing a new Investment Code which will be legislated by the end of 2007. This Code will, inter alia, improve and clarify the legal system for investment in
· Tax Incentives: The Government has initiated reforms to the present costly and complex system of tax incentives. During 2000–02, revenue forgone from import duty and consumption tax concessions were nearly 11 per cent of GDP. In 2003–04, Government took steps to curtail concessions, although these efforts were set back by Hurricane Ivan.
The Government took the decision, effective, January 1, 2006, not to grant any new tax holidays or renew expiring ones; incentives thereafter will be provided in the form of tax write-offs for investment and after June 1, 2006 through accelerated depreciation with loss carry forward provisions. The Government will also repeal the Investment Code Incentives and Qualified Enterprises Acts by the end of 2007. These little used Acts give wide discretionary powers to grant tax concessions in many areas.
· Public Sector Modernization Programme: The Government will undertake reforms to enhance the performance appraisal system in the civil service and improve the efficiency and quality of government services, including through commercialization. With assistance from the World Bank, Government is undertaking a Public Sector Modernization Programme that will be implemented during 2006-10.
· Value Added Tax: In order to reduce the Country’s reliance on international trade taxes, Government will introduce a value added tax (VAT) in 2008. Work on this had commenced before Hurricane Ivan struck in 2004. The VAT will replace the ticket tax, motor vehicle tax and the existing general consumption tax that applies on a relatively narrow base and has multiple and varying rates for domestic and imported goods. To broaden the base, the VAT will only incorporate standard exemptions (financial, education and health services, etc) with a zero rate for exports. The VAT and accompanying system of excises will be calibrated to be broadly revenue neutral.
· National Export Strategy: In 2006, the Trade and Industry Division, Ministry of Finance in collaboration with the Private Sector, other Government Agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations, developed a National Export Strategy (NES) for
28. The NES has identified five priority sectors. These sectors include:
(1) Agriculture (nutmeg, fruits and vegetables and fish);
(2) Manufacturing (aerated beverages, water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, processed nutmeg products, and light manufacturing (paints, roofing sheets, garments and paper products);
(3) Tourism (attractions, yachting and cruise tourism);
(4) Services (education, professional, engineering and engineering related services and entertainment);
(5) Gifts and craft items.
29. The implementation of this Strategy will require considerable resources – financial, human and institutional.
· Simplification of Customs Procedures: There will also be comprehensive reforms taken in simplifying customs clearance. The envisaged reforms at the Customs Authority will seek to reduce the amount of paper work and time (currently as much as 4 days) needed to clear imports through the Ports.
· Dismantling Price Controls: To foster the functioning of markets and efficient allocation of productive resources, the Ministry of Finance plans to abolish the small number of items under price controls with the exception of a few essential items such as rice, chicken, sugar, medicines, biscuits etc, for cost of living reasons.
· Debt Management: The Government will undertake steps to enhance our debt management capacity and transparency. With assistance from the Commonwealth Secretariat and the ECCB, the Government intends to upgrade the debt recording systems. The Government further intends to implement a debt management strategy with a view to improving the debt profile and lowering vulnerabilities, including through retiring expensive debt with any financing surpluses that accrue and asset sales. Due consideration has also been given to divesting remaining government assets and using the proceeds to retire debt and approved capital expenditures subject to strict rate of return analysis. While most of the privatization and divestiture occurred in the 1990s, the Government retains small share holdings.
· Supervision of the Financial Sector: To strengthen the supervision of the banking sector, the Government passed a new Uniform Banking Act in August 2006, making
IV. Trade Policy and institutional framework
(i) Grenada Trade Policy
30.
31. The main objectives of
- To improve competitiveness in the manufacturing sector;
- Diversification of the agriculture sector;
- Development of the services sector to be internationally competitive;
- To gain greater market access for non-traditional sectors;
- Export led growth;
- To generate sustained economic growth and reduction of poverty.
32. In order to achieve the above objectives, there will be strong public/private sector dialogue. In order to have more public/private sector involvement in trade policy formulation, Cabinet has appointed a National Trade Policy Committee, comprising representatives from the public sector, private sector and civil society, in a consultative mechanism which informs the development of trade policy and positions for trade negotiations.
(ii) Institutional Framework
33. The Ministry of Economic Development and Planning now has responsibility for the formulation of trade policy as it relates to international trade and for the negotiation of trade agreements. A number of other Ministries and agencies are also engaged in the formulation and implementation of overall trade policy namely the Ministries of Finance, Tourism, Agriculture, Foreign Affairs, Legal Affairs, Health and the Environment, Prime Minister’s Office and the Ministry of Works and Communications, and trade related agencies such as the Grenada Bureau of Standards and the Grenada Industrial Development Cooperation.
34. The Ministry of Economic Development and Planning also coordinates the work of the Cabinet appointed National Trade Policy Committee, which brings together representatives of Ministries and Departments with a bearing on trade policy, as well as representatives of the Private Sector and Civil Society, in a consultative mechanism which informs the development of trade policy and adopt positions for trade negotiations.
35.
36. The Region’s trade position is collectively represented at external fora by the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM). The Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM) was created by the
V. CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY, BILATERAL AND PREFERENTIAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTS
37. Over the last decade
38. As a member of the Caribbean Community,
(i) CARICOM Single Market and Economy
39. To further deepen the integration process, CARICOM Governments decided in 1989 to establish the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME). The aim of the Single Market is the creation of a single economic space to facilitate the free movement of goods, services, capital and people across the Region for the efficient and competitive production of goods and services. The Revised Treaty also makes provision for the establishment of a Single Economy through harmonisation, coordination and convergence of macro-economic policies in a number of areas including, capital market integration and development, investment and incentives policy harmonisation, fiscal policy harmonisation, corporate tax harmonisation and monetary union. It is expected that the Single Economy will be implemented by 2015.
40. The Single Market was implemented on
41. The expected benefits of the CSME include greater efficiency in both the private and public sectors, higher levels of domestic and foreign investment, increased employment, and growth of intra-regional trade and of extra-regional exports.
(ii) Bilateral Trade Agreements
42.
(iii) Preferential Arrangements
(a) Cotonou/Economic Partnership Agreement - The Cotonou Agreement, which was signed in June 2000 between the African,
(b) Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) - The Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) commenced in 1984 under the Caribbean Basin and Economic Recovery Act (CBERA) with amendments through the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA). This Agreement provides
(c) CARIBCAN - The CARIBCAN programme, which was introduced in 1986 covers trade, investment and industrial cooperation between
(d) Free Trade Area of the
VI. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
(a) Implementation of the Uruguay Round Agreements
43.
44.
Tariff No. |
Description |
MFN Tariff as at |
0207149 |
Poultry Meat: Other cuts and offals of fowls frozen |
100 |
0207142 |
Fowl wings frozen |
100 |
0207141 |
Fowl backs and necks frozen |
100 |
0207271 |
|
100 |
020742 |
Other |
100 |
0207 |
Other poultry meat |
100 |
2203001 |
Beer |
100 |
2203002 |
Stout |
100 |
2202902 |
Malt |
100 |
45. The main reason for the renegotiation is the renewed focus on the structural transformation of
46. To date however, the legislative actions necessary to incorporate the WTO Agreement into national law in order to enable
47. Work is currently ongoing to have the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement implemented in 2008, together with the new value added tax.
48. Few changes have been made to
49. In the Memorandum of Economic Policies submitted by the Government to the IMF, the Government indicated that steps will be taken to abolish price control items except on a few essential items.
50.
51. Work is now ongoing to upgrade existing legislations such as the Plant Protection Act, Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals Act. A new Food Safety Act will also be implemented. These measures would ensure that
52.
53.
54.
Notifications made by
WTO Agreement |
Description |
Document no. of most recent notification |
Anti-dumping (Art.18.5 and 32.6) |
No laws relevant to the Agreement |
G/ADP/N/1/GRD/1 |
Import Licensing (Art. 1.4a and 8.2b) |
Notification of Import Licensing Procedures |
G/LIC/N/1/GRD/1 |
Services Art. V7(A) GATS |
Notification as part of CARICOM of the removal of restrictions to the right of establishment and the provision of services among members |
S/C/N/229 |
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Art. XVI.I GATT 1994 and Art. 25 SCM |
No specific subsidies within the meaning of the Agreement |
G/SCM/N/71/GRD |
SCM Art. 18.5 and 32 |
No laws relevant to the Agreement |
G/SCM/N/1/GRD/1 15 November 2001 |
Table (cont'd) | ||
TBT (Art.10.6) |
Notification of guidelines for various products |
G/TBT/N/GRD/1-10, |
TRIPS (Art.63.2) |
Notification of main dedicated laws relating to IP |
IP/N/1/GRD/1 5 March 2002 |
Source: WTO Secretariat.
(b) Grenada ’s Position on the Current Round of Negotiations at the WTO
55.
56.
57. The gravity of the difficulties faced by small, vulnerable economies, as well as the clear mandate provided in the Doha Ministerial Declaration and reaffirmed in the 2004 July Package, make it necessary for the WTO to agree on concrete responses to the specific problems identified by small, vulnerable economies in the Committee on Trade and Development and in negotiations in other WTO bodies. Within the WTO context, small vulnerable economies like
58. Market Access (agriculture and non-agriculture) - A major concern for
59. As a Small, Vulnerable Economy (SVE),
60. In the market access negotiations there should also be substantial improvement in market access for products of export interests to SVEs such as
61.
62. Service - In keeping with
63. In addition to sectors scheduled,
· Research and development services;
· Other business services;
· Educational Services;
· Rental and leasing of yachts; and
· Transport services.
64. The services’ negotiations component of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) are significant for
65. Trade Facilitation - The Government of Grenada welcomes the negotiations on Trade Facilitation to improve and clarify GATT Articles V, VIII and X, which will result in the speedier release of goods through customs and eventually result in a reduction in transaction costs.
66. The negotiation of new disciplines in the area of trade facilitation will result in new obligations to the Government of Grenada, and will require both financial and human capital. Accordingly, if
67. It is also imperative that there are concrete results in the negotiations on special and differential treatment and implementation-related issues, which remain at the core of the development dimension of the
68.
· Adjustment costs- cost of preference erosion, cost of compliance with product standards, assistance with implementing WTO Agreements, cost of tariff revenue as a result of tariff reduction;
· Supply side capacity building; and
· Trade-related infrastructure.
69. Small vulnerable economies should be offered meaningful packages under the programme to develop and expand their trade.
VII. Technical Assistance
70.
71. The country welcomes the technical assistance it has received from the WTO. In particular,
72. Technical Assistance is also needed in the following areas:
- Technical support for agricultural research and training;
- Assistance in developing domestic infrastructure in the agriculture sector;
- Assistance in meeting SPS requirements in the export market;
- Support for the development of our Bureau of Standard to undertake testing;
- Customs Automation – specifically a system for Electronic Data Interchange which will allow importers to transmit documents and information electronically prior to the importation of goods;
- Electronic Publication of Laws, Regulations and Procedures;
- Development and Implementation of Risk Management System;
- Mechanism for Post-Clearance Audit;
- Assistance to develop Trade Facilitation National Needs Assessment.
Table A1: Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Real Growth by Sectors 2003-2005
|
(%) | ||
|
2003 |
2004 |
2005 EST |
Agriculture |
-2.44 |
-7.33 |
-38.10 |
Mining & Quarrying |
40.41 |
-15.28 |
8.64 |
Manufacturing |
-2.45 |
-14.57 |
18.82 |
Electricity and water |
6.70 |
-7.89 |
4.70 |
Construction |
26.01 |
3.29 |
91.00 |
Wholesale and Retail Trade |
7.36 |
-19.85 |
27.54 |
Hotels and restaurants |
13.85 |
-13.07 |
-42.54 |
Transport |
7.47 |
6.30 |
23.72 |
Communications |
1.88 |
-12.00 |
30.74 |
Banks and insurance |
8.00 |
0.97 |
-1.53 |
Real estate & Housing |
1.51 |
-10.05 |
-4.31 |
Government services |
0.59 |
3.48 |
-6.38 |
Other services |
2.43 |
-15.69 |
2.98 |
Less: imputed service charges |
8.00 |
5.92 |
6.98 |
Real GDP at factor cost |
5.80 |
-6.90 |
12.09 |
Source: ECCB/Central Statistical Office.
__________
[1] WTO documents G/TBT/N/GRD/2,
[2] WTO documents G/TBT/N/GRD/1,
[3] WTO documents G/TBT/N/GRD/9,
[4] WTO document G/LIC/N/3/GRD/1,