2007年5月WTO对哥斯达黎加贸易政策审议-WTO秘书处报告(英文)

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World Trade Organization	RESTRICTED

	WT/TPR/S/180 12 March 2007
	(07-1009)

Trade Policy Review Body

TRADE POLICY REVIEW

Report by the Secretariat

COSTA RICA

This report, prepared for the third Trade Policy Review of Costa Rica, has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility. The Secretariat has, as required by the Agreement establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization), sought clarification from Costa Rica on its trade policies and practices.

Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Mr Mario Berrios (tel. 022 739 63 97), Ms Ulla Kask (tel. 022 739 56 27) or Mr Raymundo Valdés (tel. 022 739 53 46).

Document WT/TPR/G/180 contains the policy statement submitted by Costa Rica.

CONTENTS

Page

SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS vii

(1) Introduction vii

(2) Economic Environment vii

(3) Trade And Investment Policy Framework vii

(4) Market Access For Goods viii

(5) Export measures viii

(6) Other Measures Affecting Trade ix

(7) Sectoral Policies ix

I. Economic environment 1

(1) Overview 1

(2) Macroeconomic Trends 1

(i) Structure of the economy, production and employment 1

(ii) Fiscal policy 4

(iii) Money and exchange rate policy 5

(iv) Balance of payments 8

(3) Trade and Investment Flows 10

(i) Trade in goods 10

(ii) Trade in Services 11

(iii) Foreign investment 11

(4) Outlook 12

II. trade and investment regime 13

(1) Overview 13

(2) General Legal and Institutional Framework 13

(3) Trade Policy Objectives and Formulation 14

(4) Foreign Investment Regime 15

(5) International Relations 16

(i) World Trade Organization 16

(ii) Preferential agreements in force 17

(6) Other Agreements and Arrangements 22

Page

III. TRADE POLICIES BY measure 23

(1) Overview 23

(2) Measures Affecting Imports 24

(i) Customs procedures 24

(ii) Customs valuation 26

(iii) Rules of origin 27

(iv) Tariffs 28

(v) Other charges affecting imports 34

(vi) Import licensing, restrictions and prohibitions 35

(vii) Anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures 40

(viii) Technical regulations and standards 43

(ix) Sanitary and phytosanitary measures 46

(3) Measures Directly Affecting Exports 49

(i) Registration, documentation and export licences 49

(ii) Export charges and minimum prices 50

(iii) Export prohibitions and other restrictions 50

(iv) Subsidies and other export-related tax benefits 52

(v) Financing, insurance, promotion and other measures 57

(4) Other Measures Affecting Production and Trade 58

(i) Incorporation of companies and their tax regime 58

(ii) Price controls and competition policy 59

(iii) Incentives 62

(iv) State-trading enterprises, State-owned enterprises and privatization 66

(v) Government procurement 67

(vi) Protection of intellectual property 70

IV. trade policies by sector 74

(1) Overview 74

(2) Agriculture 76

(i) Overview 76

(3) Manufacturing 83

(4) Electric Power 85

(5) Services 87

(i) Principal characteristics 87

(ii) Telecommunications 89

(iii) Postal services 91

(iv) Audiovisual services 92

(v) Financial services 92

(vi) Air transport 97

(vii) Maritime transport 100

(viii) Professional services 102

REFERENCES 107

APPENDIX TABLES 111

TABLES

Page

I. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

I.1 Sectoral structure of GDP and employment, 2001-2005 2

I.2 Basic economic indicators, 2001-2005 3

I.3 Non-financial public sector (NFPS) financial accounts, 2001-2006 5

I.4 Main monetary indicators, 2001-2006 7

I.5 Balance of payments, 2001-2006 9

I.6 Trade in services, 2001-2006 11

I.7 Foreign investment position, 2001-2006 12

III. TRADE POLICIES BY MEASURE

III.1 Summary of MFN tariff, 2006 29

III.2 MFN tariff structure, 2006 30

III.3 Tariff reduction programmes in FTAs signed by Costa Rica 31

III.4 Tariff concessions granted under special customs regimes, 2006 33

III.5 Import requirements for certain goods 36

III.6 Anti-dumping procedures, 2001-2006 42

III.7 Export prohibitions and restrictions 51

III.8 Free Zone Regime incentives 54

III.9 Main taxes on companies 59

III.10 Penalties relating to competition, 2001-2005 61

III.11 Some tax incentives included in Law No. 7293 63

III.12 Other tax incentives 64

III.13 Principal financial incentives applicable to production and investment 66

III.14 Intellectual property treaties ratified by Costa Rica 70

IV. TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR

IV.1 Imports by Costa Rica under tariff quotas, 2001-2005 78

IV.2 Value added by activities in the manufacturing sector, 2001-2005 84

IV.3 Share of service activities in GDP and employment, 2001 and 2005 88

APPENDIX TABLES

Page

I. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

AI.1 Merchandise exports by product, 2001-2005 113

AI.2 Merchandise imports by product, 2001-2005 115

AI.3 Merchandise exports by trading partner, 2001-2005 116

AI.4 Merchandise imports by trading partner, 2001-2005 117

II. TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIME

AII.1 Notifications to the WTO, January 2001 to December 2006 118

III. TRADE POLICIES BY MEASURE

III.1 Overview of Costa Rica's domestic legislation pertaining to

intellectual property rights, 2006 120

IV. TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR

AIV.1 Products subject to access commitments with tariff quotas, 2005-2006 123

AIV.2 Summary of Costa Rica's specific commitments under the GATS 127

SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS

(1) Introduction

1. Since its last Trade Policy Review in 2001, Costa Rica has continue to modernize and simplify its generally liberal trade and investment regime. Applied tariffs have remained largely unchanged, averaging 6.9 per cent in 2006, and the use of non-tariff trade barriers has continued to be limited. As in earlier years, Costa Rica has carried on an export-oriented strategy, based on tariff and other fiscal concessions. This may well have been an element in Costa Rica's solid economic growth of recent years, especially by encouraging investment, but linkages between domestic- and export-oriented activities remain weak, and existing incentives both alter resource allocation and hinder efforts to consolidate the fiscal situation.

2. Long-standing restrictions remain in place in a few service sectors, with state monopolies present in a number of key services, in which some inefficiencies have arisen over time. A number of these restrictions would be eliminated in the context of the implementation of the Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement with the United States (CAFTA-DR), signed but not yet ratified by Costa Rica. It would be important for Costa Rica also to bind such liberalization at the multilateral level to prevent distortions in investment incentives and flows, and to give its trade and investment regime greater predictability.

(2) Economic Environment

3. Costa Rica's annual economic growth averaged around 4.9 per cent during 2001-05, and is estimated to have been almost 6 per cent in 2006. Growth has been particularly strong since 2003, reflecting mostly the strong performance of investment and exports. GDP per capita was slightly above US$4,600 in 2005. The fiscal deficit has been decreasing since 2003, but achieving and maintaining a balanced fiscal position remains a challenge, especially considering high pension and other specific payments mandated by law as well as the relatively heavy public debt (55 per cent of GDP). Monetary and exchange rate policies have undergone major changes, with a crawling peg regime having been replaced by a crawling band in October 2006. The change is aimed at better controlling inflation, which reached 14.1 per cent in 2005 but is estimated to have fallen below 10 per cent by late 2006.

4. The current account of the balance of payments has been in deficit, equivalent to some 3.5 per cent of GDP during the first three quarters of 2006, caused mainly by a worsening trade balance despite expanding exports. The services balance has been in surplus due principally to tourism receipts. The main trading partner of Costa Rica is the United States, which accounts for some 40 per cent of Costa Rica's total trade. Main merchandise exports are manufactured products, the biggest single export item being microprocessors. Among agricultural products, bananas are the main export item. About 80 per cent of imports are manufactured goods, integrated circuits and electronic components, chemicals and fuels. Costa Rica is a net recipient of foreign direct investment, which has made an important contribution to GDP and export growth.

(3) Trade And Investment Policy Framework

5. Costa Rica considers that the trade liberalizing initiatives it pursues at the unilateral, regional and multilateral levels complement each other. Costa Rica is an original Member of the WTO; it participates in the Information Technology Agreement and adopted the Fifth Protocol on Financial Services. During the period under review, Costa Rica made several notifications under different WTO Agreements but as at end 2006 some were still pending.

6. Although Cost Rica formulates its trade policy mostly at a national level, it takes into consideration its participation in the Central American Common Market. At the end of 2006, Costa Rica had in force five other free-trade agreements: with Canada, CARICOM, Chile, Dominican Republic and Mexico; the first three entered in force during the period under review. Costa Rica has signed the CAFTA-DR whose ratification was under consideration in the Legislative Assembly as at end 2006.

7. Costa Rica has an open investment regime but with certain important exceptions. The State has exclusive rights in the importation, refining and distribution of crude oil and related refined products; insurance services; railways; maritime ports and airports; and some postal services. The State also maintains the only concessions to provide certain key electricity and telecommunications services.

(4) Market Access for Goods

8. Since its last Review, Costa Rica has taken measures to modernize its trade regime including by simplifying and computerizing customs procedures and adopting new regulations on customs procedures and valuation. The tariff is Costa Rica's main trade instrument. All tariffs are ad valorem; at 6.9 per cent, the average applied MFN tariff remained almost unchanged during the period under review. The average tariff for agricultural products (14.2 per cent, WTO definition) is considerably higher than for other products (5.6 per cent). The tariff structure shows signs of escalation. Costa Rica has bound all tariff lines, thus providing greater predictability to its trade regime although this is reduced by the substantial gap between applied and bound tariffs (the average bound tariff is 44.1 per cent).

9. In the context of the Central American Common Market, Costa Rica grants duty-free treatment to almost all imports originating from Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua. Costa Rica also grants preferential treatment to imports from other countries as provided in the
free-trade agreements it has in force.

10. Imports receive national treatment in the application of domestic taxes except in certain cases such as the tax of the Institute for Municipal Development, which is levied at 10 per cent on imported beer and at 3 per cent on domestic beer. The tax of the Institute for Agrarian Development is applied at a rate of 5 per cent on carbonated soft drinks from national brands and at 10 per cent on similar products produced in Costa Rica by subsidiaries of international brands or imported drinks.

11. During the period under review, Costa Rica adopted only a few contingency measures. Three anti-dumping measures were initiated but final duties were imposed in only one case. Costa Rica notified the WTO of the initiation and application of a provisional safeguard measure on imported rice. Concerning countervailing measures, Costa Rica reached an agreement for the elimination of subsidies on certain products exported to the Costa Rican market.

12. Costa Rica has been active in adopting sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical regulations. From 2001 to 2006, Costa Rica made 36 SPS notifications and 68 notifications in connection with the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, the majority related to technical characteristics of products including unprocessed agricultural products. Costa Rica is carrying out a programme to rationalize the number of technical regulations, which offers an opportunity to ensure that technical regulations do not become unjustified obstacles to trade.

(5) Export Measures

13. Costa Rica notified the WTO that its free zone regime and the inward processing regime include export subsidies. Costa Rica engaged to phase-out by 2007 the export subsidies granted under both regimes. The Government is considering changes to the free zone regime to bring it into line with WTO rules.

14. Costa Rica maintains export prohibitions on unprocessed logs of certain tree species from natural forests. Costa Rica imposes export taxes on coffee and bananas, and minimum prices are set for banana exports. The Central Bank maintains a requirement for the registration of foreign exchange earnings. It would be desirable to re-examine the rational for those charges and requirements to minimize their impact on export competitiveness.

(6) Other Measures Affecting Trade

15. Costa Rica maintains numerous incentive schemes in addition to exports subsidies, with fiscal incentives and tax exemptions granted under around 200 different laws. At end 2006, the Ministry of Finance was working on a draft law on transparency and rationalization of incentive regimes. A comprehensive evaluation of incentives would lead to greater transparency into their use and help ensure that benefits outweigh costs, which is a crucial consideration in the light of Costa Rica's chronic fiscal deficit.

16. Costa Rica's privatization process has been at a standstill and no plans exist to reinitiate it. The state-owned refinery enjoys a monopoly on the importation, refining and wholesale distribution of crude oil and refined oil products, and has been notified to WTO as Costa Rica's only state-trading enterprise. At the end of 2006, rice and essential public services were subject to official price controls.

17. The legal framework for competition policy in Costa Rica prohibits all monopolistic practices, but excludes from its scope providers of public services under concession and state monopolies established by law. As noted, services such as insurance, alcohol distillation, fuels supply, certain telecommunication services, and electricity transmission, are provided exclusively by state owned enterprises. The exclusion of those services from the scope of competition legislation undermines the efforts to promote competition in the Costa Rican market, which due to its relatively small size tends to foster market concentration. At the end of 2006, the Legislative Assembly was considering draft laws to liberalize the insurance and telecommunication markets.

18. Procurement of goods and services by the public sector in Costa Rica was equivalent to 18.3 per cent of GDP in 2005. Costa Rica is neither a signatory nor observer to the WTO Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement. Since 2001, there have been no major changes to the legislation governing government procurement, though measures have been taken to promote transparency and the participation of small and medium-size enterprises. Preferences may be granted to local producers and, in principle, the participation of foreign bidders may be subject to reciprocity.

19. There have been no major modifications to the legislation regarding the protection of intellectual property rights, with the adoption of complete regulations on enforcement procedures still pending. Costa Rica grants no protection to new plant varieties but, at end 2006, the Legislative Assembly was discussing a draft law as part of the parallel agenda to the CAFTA-DR.

(7) Sectoral Policies

20. The agriculture, forestry and fishing sector contributed just under 8 per cent of Costa Rica's GDP but generated approximately 34 per cent of total exports in 2005. Overall government support in agriculture appears low, although it is difficult to be precise given that Costa Rica has made no notifications of domestic support for 2001-06. A small number of products destined for domestic consumption (meat and parts of poultry, dairy products, onions, potatoes, rice, meat products) receive well above average tariff protection. A new method to administer tariff quotas was introduced in 2003 but has not been notified to the WTO. Imports were low for all the products for which Costa Rica administered tariff quotas during 2001-06,

21. The manufacturing sector contributes about 20 per cent to Costa Rica's GDP and 65 per cent to its exports. Manufacturing activities carried out under special trade regimes are of great importance for Costa Rica. Free trade zones in particular have become important generators of exports and a magnet for foreign investment. However, due to their high import needs, net exports from those zones are much less significant than gross exports, and the zones' linkages with the rest of the economy remain limited. In addition, the promotion of activities through special regimes has continued to create implicit disadvantages for activities that do not enjoy similar incentives but have to compete for the same factors of production. It would also be important to reconsider the rationale for the different incentives in place in view of Costa Rica's fragile fiscal situation.

22. The services sector accounts for about 60 per cent of GDP and 62 per cent of employment. As noted, the State continues to maintain monopolies on a number of service activities. The efficiency and cost of the services provided by a number of state monopolies is questionable and, thus, the authorities have been taking steps to allow for greater participation by the private sector in some of these services.

23. Costa Rica's list of specific commitments under the GATS is limited, including only 5 of the 12 sectors specified in this Agreement. Costa Rica undertook no commitments in telecommunications but has ratified the Fifth Protocol on financial services. In April 2004, Costa Rica presented an initial offer in the context of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) but as at end 2006 it had not presented a revised offer.

24. Costa Rica allows the presence of foreign banks via subsidiaries but not branches. Once established, foreign banks benefit from national treatment. Nevertheless, in practice, the banking regime continues to discriminate against private banks (Costa Rican and foreign) through a number of regulatory and fiscal asymmetries. In part as a result, the banking sector continues to be dominated by state owned banks. Although increasingly diversified, the financial sector remains centred on traditional banking intermediation. The regulatory framework has also continued to encourage financial activities through Costa Rican banks legally established abroad, although their importance has been decreasing. There have been reforms to improve the supervision of the sector but practical problems remain.

25. Costa Rican legislation grants the state-owned National Insurance Institute the monopoly over almost all types of insurance. This has hindered the development of the national insurance market, creating inefficiencies and limiting consumer choice. Costa Rica undertook no specific GATS commitments on insurance.

26. The state-owned Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) and its subsidiaries maintain the only concessions to operate basic local telephony, long distance calls (national and international), and mobile telephone services as well as value added services, Internet connection and satellite communications. The ICE also holds the only concession for the transmission of electricity and controls most generation, distribution and commercialization of electricity. Costa Rica limits foreign participation in audio visual services; only nationals are allowed to establish or operate these services.

27. As part of the parallel agenda for the ratification of the CAFTA-DR, the Legislative Assembly is considering draft legislation to liberalize investment restrictions in insurance and telecommunications. To increase the predictability of Costa Rica's investment regime, and prevent any distortions to investment incentives, it would be desirable for Costa Rica to translate its engagements under the CAFTA-DR into additional multilateral commitments under the GATS.

28. In recent decades, maritime port services have faced problems related to the cost of operations and insufficient investment in infrastructure. The ownership of maritime ports must be in the public domain but concessions may be granted to private operators to provide services. In practice, due to the slow pace of granting of concessions, significant delays have occurred in the modernization of port infrastructure. Concessions for coastal shipping are only granted to Costa Rican citizens or to companies established in Costa Rica and controlled by Costa Ricans, who must hold at least 60 per cent of the shares.

29. Costa Rica's airports must also be under public ownership but services and infrastructure construction may be provided by the private sector through concessions. A number of concessions have been granted but

there have been difficulties in implementing them. Only Costa Rican nationals may undertake local air transportation services.

30. With the exception of commitments on medical and dental services, Costa Rica has no GATS specific commitments in professionals services. In general, the right to exercise almost all professions is reserved to members of professional associations. Foreigners may register in such associations but generally must comply with additional requirements. Residence requirements are applied in a different manner depending on each profession and could represent a significant barrier to the provision of professional services by foreigners. At end 2006, proposals were under preparation to allow greater participation by foreigners in accounting services.

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